Intel-based PC emulator comparisons

This article is outdated. It may contain information that is no longer correct. Lacks multi-emulators with cores based on standalone emus, e.g. DOSBox-based cores in Manic EMU, BizHawk You can help Emulation General Wiki by updating it.

This article is a never-ending list. It will always need updates and will likely have new content added to it on a consistent basis. Because of this, it can never truly be a finished article.

This article requires cleanup. The reason is: Too much going on.

Main article: POS (Pong Consoles) CPUs and Other Chips#x86 CPUs

For emulators that run on DOS, see Emulators on legacy Microsoft products#DOS.

For emulators that run on Windows 3.x, see Emulators on legacy Microsoft products#Windows 3.x.

For emulators that run on Windows 9x, see Emulators on legacy Microsoft products#Windows 9x.

For emulators that run on Windows 2000, Windows XP and Windows Vista, see Emulators on legacy Microsoft products#Windows NT.

The Intel-based PC architecture originated from the 1981, IBM PC / model 5150. Due to being designed with off-the-shelf hardware, clone manufacturers could produce compatible hardware and was only limited by the copyright on the PC's BIOS. To circumvent this, competitors such as Compaq created their own compatible BIOSes using clean-room reverse engineering. See, Compaq reverse-engineered patented IBM BIOS code.

IBM PC is also the basis for the IBM PC-compatible de-facto standard. IBM PC-compatible computers are technically similar to the original IBM PC, XT, and AT, all from computer giant IBM, that are able to use the same software and expansion cards. Such computers were referred to as PC clones, IBM clones or IBM PC clones. The term "IBM PC compatible" is now a historical description only, since IBM no longer sells personal computers after it sold its personal computer division in 2005 to Chinese technology company Lenovo. The designation "PC", as used in much of personal computer history, has not meant "personal computer" generally, but rather an x86 computer capable of running the same software that a contemporary IBM PC could. The term was initially in contrast to the variety of home computer systems available in the early 1980s, such as the Apple II, TRS-80, and Commodore 64. Later, the term was primarily used in contrast to Apple's Macintosh computers. During the 1990s, IBM's influence on PC architecture started to decline. "IBM PC compatible" becomes "Standard PC" in 1990s, and later "ACPI PC" in 2000s. An IBM-brand PC became the exception rather than the rule. Instead of placing importance on compatibility with the IBM PC, vendors began to emphasize compatibility with Windows.

While the PC is technically capable of running many different operating systems, most of the emulators on this page are intended for x86 computers running DOS software, some kind of DOS-based Windows and Windows 9x (see operating systems section). If you wish to run software intended for Windows 2000 and Windows XP or even a newer version of Windows it is suggested to use a "recommended solution" mentioned in their dedicated pages. Most emulators on this page requires an operating system to run, exceptions to this are DOSBox forks and DREAMM, with the former having its own DOS implementation and the latter implementing both DOS and Win32 APIs. If you want to run Windows software in DOSBox fork you still need a Windows install though.

Keep in mind that due to DOS and Windows running on a range of different hardware, cycle accuracy is less crucial than for most systems covered by this wiki, as software could not rely on cycle timing of a particular chip without excluding a large part of the market.

Comparison

Before editing, review the getting involved and recommended pages. See system requirements page for performance demand of the emulators.
See tables for operating systems, enhancements, and hardware, features & peripherals.
For more details such as licensing, programming language, emulation method, visit each emulator’s dedicated page.

Tons of non-active obsolete DOSBox forks for Android exists, see this page for that. See Category:x86-based page for other x86 based systems software emulation.

Standalone emulators

Name		Platform(s)	Active?	Latest version	License	Compatibility	Recommended? (overall)
PC
86Box			✓	Dev 6.0 PCBox fork	GPLv2 (Copyleft)	25% 11 out of 44 titles 84.62% 11 out of 13 reported titles	✓
DOSBox & Forks	DOSBox Pure		✓	1.0 preview 6	GPLv2 (Copyleft)	27.27% 12 out of 44 titles 60% 12 out of 20 reported titles	✓
	DOSBox Staging		✓	0.83.0	GPLv2 (Copyleft)	?	✓
	DOSBox-core		✓	git	GPLv2 (Copyleft)	?	✓
	DOSBox-X		✓	2026.08.02	GPLv2 (Copyleft)		✓
	DOSBox (Original)		✗	0.74-3	?	?	✗
DREAMM			✓	4.0.0	Proprietary	Compatibility is limited to select games.	✓
MartyPC		^{[note 1]}	✓	v0.4.1	MIT (Permissive)	?	~
PCem			✓	v17 git git (macOS)	GPLv2 (Copyleft)	?	~
UniPCemu			✓	2023/04/11 git	GPLv3 (Copyleft)	?	~
Bochs			✓	3.0	LGPLv2.1 (Copyleft)	?	✗
QEMU			✓	11.1.0	GPLv2 (Copyleft)	?	✗
VARCem			✗	Builds 1.7.3	BSD-3-Clause GPLv2	?	✗
vDOS			✓	2026.05.01	Proprietary	?	TBD
Mobile
UniPCemu			✓	2023/04/11	GPLv3 (Copyleft)	?	~
Bochs			✗	2.6.11 git	LGPLv2.1 (Copyleft)	?	✗
DOSBoxPPC			✗	0.63	Proprietary	?	✗
Limbo			~	6.0.1 WinMobile build	GPLv2 (Copyleft)	?	✗
Magic DOSBox			✓	1.0.84	Proprietary	?	✗
Browser
MartyPC			✓	v0.4.1	MIT (Permissive)	?	~
PCjs			✓	git	MIT (Permissive)	?	✗

Multi-system emulators

Name		Platform(s)	Active?	Latest version	License	Compatibility	Recommended? (overall)
MAME			✓	0.289	GPLv2 BSD-3-Clause		✗

Frontend cores

Core(s)	Active?	License	Compatibility	Recommended? (overall)
DOSBox Pure	✓	GPLv2 (Copyleft)	27.27% 12 out of 44 titles 60% 12 out of 20 reported titles	✓
DOSBox-core	✓	GPLv2 (Copyleft)	?	✓
MAME	✓	?	?	✗

Emulators on other hardware

Name		Platform(s)	Active?	Latest version	License	Compatibility	Recommended? (overall)
UniPCemu			✓	2023/04/11	GPLv3 (Copyleft)	?	~
Bochs			✗	2.3.5	LGPLv2.1 (Copyleft)	?	✗

Hypervisors

Name	Active?^{[note 2]}	License	Compatibility	Acceleration	Virtual GPU Adapter
Type 2 Hypervisors
VirtualBox	~	GPLv3 (Copyleft) The Extension Pack is under a Proprietary license	?	Built-in	VboxSVGA with SoftGPU
VMware Workstation	✗	Proprietary	?	VMware Virtualization Engine	SVGA3D with SoftGPU
Type 1 Hypervisors Because these are using KVM or WHPX for acceleration, we decide to include these solutions as Type 1 Hypervisors. See Limitations of the Type-1 / Type-2 classification for more information about this.
QEMU-3dfx	✓	?	100% 44 out of 44 reported titles	KVM (Linux) WHPX (Windows) QEMU with TCG is painfully slow. So, that is not included in this table. Keep in mind that, WHPX have some issues with some systems. You can also use WSL2 to make an Ubuntu container and run QEMU with Virt-Manager and create a Windows XP machine using KVM on Windows that way. See here.	MESA GL and Glide Pass-Through ($)

FPGA

Main article: MiSTer

Descriptions

PCem/86Box/PCBox/VARCem: These emulators provides an excellent compatibility and hardware and peripheral support for DOS-based operating systems such as Windows 3.x, Windows ME/98/95 (and even NT-based XP, Vista or Windows 7 supported but not recommended) that is beyond what "DOSBox forks" can offer but unlike "DOSBox forks" these emulators usually requires modest to top-notch single-thread performance of CPUs. As of June 14, 2021, PCem's original developer, Sarah Walker, has stopped working on the project. It has now been taken over on December 18, 2021, by a new maintainer, Michael Manley. 86Box (formerly known as PCem-X) is a fork of PCem which is developed more actively, while PCBox and VARCem are forks of 86Box. PCem v15 introduced a rewritten dynamic recompiler (dynarec), which was primarily aimed at improving emulation performance in games; however, it also caused minor to severe performance regressions in certain cases. The default 86Box build (a.k.a ODR) uses the pre-v15 PCem dynarec, with optimizations performed by the devs, as they have determined that the new one causes too many regressions to be adopted as the default. The NDR builds of 86Box use the new dynarec. ARM builds use only the new dynarec. PCem’s emulation of some core system components, such as the Programmable Interval Timer (PIT), takes certain shortcuts to improve performance. These shortcuts are mostly fine for games, which is what PCem targets, however, they have caused issues with the software preservation side of things. In addition to taking fewer shortcuts, 86Box also tries to follow the specifications of these components, rather than implement the minimum viable feature set, which is - once again - mostly good enough for games, but not for some other applications. Generally speaking, the more accurate a component’s emulation is, the more host CPU horsepower is required. See this guide for more information.
DOSBox-X/DOSBox Pure/DOSBox-core/DOSBox Staging: DOSBox is another option for emulating many older computer games specially for pretty good performance with low-end computers but compatibility, accuracy and hardware support aren't as good as PCem or 86Box. DOSBox is no longer updated but it has many "DOSBox forks" over the years. Windows 95/98/ME can be installed in "DOSBox forks" and also supports 3DFX Voodoo emulation. Even more forks are listed in the "DOSBox forks" page of DOSBox Staging's GitHub wiki or here. DOSBox-X is vastly different from other "DOSBox forks" in that it aims to be a complete emulation package that covers all pre-2000 DOS and Windows 9x based hardware scenarios. It features more flexibility by way of config options and an accompanying frontend to customize the DOS VM further, and beyond games it also supports standard software for DOS, as well as DOS-based Windows including Windows 3.x and 9x/ME with 3D acceleration via 3dfx emulation. The project also has its own wiki which contains extensive documentation on DOSBox-X, and a summary of notable added features can be seen here. While DOSBox-X currently supports emulation of IBM PC/XT/AT, Toshiba AX/J3100, IBM PCjr/Tandy, and NEC PC-9800 series architecture, the maintainer, Jonathan Campbell, does not plan to add any other MS-DOS system. This limitation is mainly done to prevent bloating of the codebase, keeping it at a manageable level for himself while also staying organized. However, the codebase does contain stubbed source files for FM Towns emulation in the event that other programmers want to add that functionality. DOSBox Pure is a new DOSBox fork originally built specifically for RetroArch/Libretro, but now available as a standalone emulator. According to its project description, it aims for simplicity and ease of use just like DOSBox Staging. On top of that, it has an advantage over other "DOSBox forks" because of libretro features ( EmuVR support, Shader presets/Overlays and configs etc). Some of the other advantages are save-states, wider platform support (including Switch and Vita) and input auto-configuration fetched from the game database. It's good for users who want to experience their DOS games without too much hassle with settings, in a simple way akin to how console emulators deal with ROMs. 0.9.5 version brings 3dfx emulation support. 0.9.8 version brings further improvements to the ATAPI CD-ROM emulation for Windows 9x games with CD copy protection, add support for uncompressed CHD version 5 CD images and add netplay for multiplayer games that used IPX, Ethernet or a modem over the internet. This shouldn't be confused with access the internet, the network card implementation for this core is purely for connecting multiple cores via Libretro's NetPlay to play multiplayer games. DOSBox-core is an alternative core for RetroArch/Libretro, which focuses on being as close in use as upstream DOSBox. Its advantages include using .conf files to run games, ability to use external MIDI synths (like the Roland Sound Canvas VA, the Yamaha S-YXG50, or whatever else) so that you can get much higher quality MIDI music in dosbox-core, and has more configuration options befitting more advanced users. Its disadvantages are slightly worse input lag (like half a frame), lack of save-states and runs on less platforms (Windows, Linux, macOS and Android; consoles like Vita and Switch are unavailable) DOSBox Staging is a DOSBox fork that focuses on ease of use, modern technology and best practices. 3dfx emulation is supported with the latest releases.
DREAMM is a new emulator that targets specific games rather than the PC platform in general. Notable features include reconstructing missing EXE and index files from digital releases, automated installation from disk images, GUI-based configuration of video and sound hardware, and when running games that originally had manual or codewheel based copy protection DREAMM provides the correct answers for the user. Games run in the emulator's built-in implementations of DOS, Win32 and FM Towns OS.
UniPCemu The UniPCemu (Universal PC emulator) emulator, originally made to play games on the PSP, now built for Android, Windows, PSP, Nintendo Switch and PS Vita! Play your old classic PC games on Android! It's a cycle-accurate x86 emulator (previously called x86EMU before the rename, This isn't based on the other cpu-emulator called x86emu (lower case)). It's a 8086(IBM PC) up to Pentium II (Compaq Deskpro 386, Compaq Deskpro 386 with PS/2 mouse (adds PS/2 mouse to the Compaq Deskpro 386 chipset, optional BIOS ROM replacement (loading it instead, alternatively a i430fx Pentium or i440fx/i450gx Pentium Pro/Pentium II chipset with PS/2 mouse. A 85c496/7 chipset is also supported.) and seperate CMOS settings like the other architectures) emulator(with various, configurable hardware), with up to 80386 timings (80486SX and Pentium using 80386 timings or 1 cycle for newer/unknown timings/instructions, both having no floating point unit)). In basic CPU's, all generations in between are supported (8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386sx/dx, 80486, Pentium, Pentium Pro and Pentium II. All without FPU emulated, other than software FPU emulation support using drivers). It can run many IBM PC XT games, and also various 286(*) up to Pentium II games. Support for ATAPI CD-ROM (using VIDE-CDD.SYS, OAKCDROM.SYS or compatible ATAPI drivers) also works. Many graphics cards and sound cards can be used (MIDI using a Soundfont renderer inside UniPCemu (recordable by UniPCemu's sound recording functionality) or passthrough(passthrough on Windows only, which is not recordable by the emulator's own recording functionality)), from PC speaker up to Sound Blaster 2.0 and from IBM Monochrome Display Adapter up to ET4000/W32 SVGA(up to 16M colors (in True Color mode) using it's SC15025 DAC)! EMS is available using the Lo-tech 2MB EMS board on the XT and various EMM emulation software(e.g. JEMM386, EMM386) on IBM AT and up. For more information about UniPCemu use this link.
MartyPC: It's an open source emulator written in rust that aims to be cycle accurate for IBM PCs. Compared to other (also great) PC emulators like PCem/86box/DOSbox forks etc, MartyPC focuses on ultra accurate CGA and DMA emulation. It requires pixel perfect and cycle accurate CGA emulation as well as emulation of CRT properties like overscan.^[1] Developer "Glorious_Cow" said; Of course my next target is the 286, I think it would be interesting to try to make a cycle-accurate 286. The biggest challenge is the microcode for 286 hasn't been decoded yet, but there is a high resolution 286 die shot I'd love to get my hands on... My hope is that the 286 is a more 'regular' chip than the 8088. The 8088 turned out to have a lot of odd, poorly documented behavior. I guess we'll find out. 386 is sort of a long-term goal. I'll get there when I get there, but it might take another year for 286 I estimate before I tackle it. Now that I've accomplished Area 5150 I don't really have a "goal target" in mind other than running DOOM :) My 386 will not be slavishly cycle-accurate, after all, there were many variations of the 386 and clones, so which one would be accurate to? Besides the fact it's hard to write a cycle-accurate CPU at 40MHz... At that point I think MartyPC will be done chasing the hardware, I have no interest in following the CPU generations up into the Pentiums - that's probably best left to 86box - and I think I will probably turn my eye just to seeing what kind of interesting debugging features I can add. Save states and rewinding, an inline assembler or scripting language would be cool. With most end-users probably best served by using 86box, I figure my best niche going forward is being a 'retro-developer's' emulator of choice, so I am motivated to add any debug features people might request.^[2]
MAME: The emulation of various CPU types seen here regarding MAME are all over the place in the changelogs and seem confusing. However, MAME has preliminary support for the families of 286, 386/i386, 486/i486, and almost the entire range of Pentium CPUs. However, only the 286/386/486 emulation is acceptable at the moment. According to ProjectMESS, many IBM PC/AT 5170 family PCs running the 286 CPU have preliminary support. MAME 0.146u3 (Jul 2012) added CPU types for Pentium MMX, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, and Pentium 4, but don't expect miracles. - MAME compat list showing the sector for several IBM-type PC systems - most of which may work fine. - wiki.mamedev.org's search results for Pentium (e.g. 0.100u4, 0.103u4, 0.146u3, 0.148, 0.152, 0.156) - wiki.mamedev.org's list for MACHINE_NOT_WORKING (Few systems based on a Pentium CPU) - wiki.mamedev.org's list for MACHINE_IS_SKELETON drivers (Several PCs/systems based on a Pentium CPU)
Bochs: A full x86 PC emulator with a focus on development and test operating systems and other low-level software. Its lack of proper timing emulation makes it not useful, and it is often too slow for newer systems to be playable. It is thus not recommended to use Bochs. Bochs is not timing but functional emulator, it's emulates time in very trivial way - one guest instruction emulated equal to one guest cycle. By tuning "IPS" setting you not anything in the way it emulates time - in opposite, you only giving a hint about emulation speed to Bochs which helps it to emulate devices like mouse or keyboard.
QEMU Similarly to Bochs, QEMU with TCG acceleration may not be the perfect x86 emulator, but its versatility, hypervisor capabilities, and vast platform support make it a powerful tool for anyone interested in exploring the world of virtualization. While QEMU is versatile and great for virtualization with KVM acceleration, but if your focus is precise, reasonable and compatible x86 emulation, it’s better to stick with dedicated emulators like 86Box, PCem or even DOSBox forks. That said, if raw performance is your top priority (especially for 3dfx graphics), QEMU 3dfx build with the SoftGPU drivers is currently the fastest option available. See the QEMU 3dfx note section for details and setup instructions.

Enhancements

Side note: Please don't bump/spam GitHub threads/issues and feature request pages.
Name		86Box	DOSBox forks
Controls	Disguise peripheral support through passthrough Tricking the software into thinking that the original controller was connected even though they identify themselves with different device IDs. When a game tries to identify a connected 'nearly the same internally' controller, emulator will tell it that the equivalent original controller is connected instead, allowing it to work.	?	?
	Input lag mitigating	✗	✗
	Real peripheral support (passthrough) Ability to passthrough USB HID devices or Bluetooth adapter for emulated system.	?	?
	Turbo button	?	?
Performance	Preload optical disc image to RAM For users with sluggish multi-platter HDDs or plagued by horrible seek times, this enhancement might offer smoother experience, potentially reduced power consumption; it also shines when disc images reside on a network drive. Although keep in mind that preloading image would take some time, and it will require additional amount of RAM capacity.	?	?
Post-processing	AI-powered filter (Freestyle)	?	?
	Filters	✓	~
	Inverse tone mapping	?	?
	Post-rendering anti-aliasing (FXAA, TXAA, and MLAA/SMAA)	?	~
	Post-rendering scaling (Sharp bilinear, Lanczos, and FSR 1)	?	~
	Shader chain	✓	~
Quality of life	Automatic updater	~ Included in the Avalonia 86 manager.	?
	Big Picture Mode	✗	~
	Built-in custom resolution/CRTSwitchRes For using this on Windows, you need CRT Emudriver. Another option is using EDID editor tool such as "Custom Resolution Utility".	Exclusive to libretro cores and GroovyMAME at the moment.
	Command-line options	✓	✓
	File sharing Similar to "Shared Folder" enhancement for Type-2 hypervisors.	✓	?
	On-screen display Showcases messages, controller input state which is useful for speedrunners, performance data, active settings, and various notifications.	?	~
	Pause/Resume emulation	✓	~
	Portable and stealth Useful enhancement feature for non-personal computer use or plug-and-play scenarios. However, the software may still require the necessary prerequisites and dependencies for your operating system if it is not statically linked.	✓	?
	Streamable compression format	✓	✓
TAS features	Fast forward/Turbo speed	✗	✗
	Macros/Scripts/Lua	?	✗
	Movie recording/playback	✗	✗
	Rewind	✗	✗
	Save states	✗	✗
Misc.	Ambient sounds simulation Simulation of audio from original hardware and environments, such as mechanical hard drive, floppy diskette, and optical drive noises (e.g., head seeks, spin-up/down, tray loading, disc spinning, and clicking), variable CRT flyback transformer whine (the classic high-pitched "coil whine" that dynamically changes pitch based on screen brightness and content), arcade cabinet effects (e.g., fan hum or button rattles), and other background ambient noises.	✓	✗
	Audio filters and presets Simulation of characteristic playback limitations and coloration of vintage consumer audio hardware, such as CRT television speakers, arcade cabinets, handheld consoles, early PC sound outputs, and low-fidelity integrated speakers. These filters are not intended to be perfectly accurate recreations, but rather to evoke the tonal qualities, distortion, bandwidth limits, resonance, and compression associated with 8-bit and 16-bit era devices. Examples include mono or narrow stereo output, reduced frequency response, speaker cone distortion, mild saturation, aliasing, and preset lo-fi profiles inspired by classic TVs, portable game systems, radios, and retro multimedia hardware.	Exclusive to libretro cores at the moment.
	Debug features	?	?
	EmuVR support	Exclusive to libretro cores at the moment, this means that only DOSBox Pure supported. ( Demonstration)
	RetroAchievements	✗	✗
	Rich Presence (RPC) Allows the emulator to share real-time game session details (e.g., current game title, level, boss, playtime, or custom status) with external applications. This enables features such as displaying what you're playing on your profile, inviting friends to spectate, or triggering join-in-progress functionality where supported.	?	?
	Screen translator Using optical character recognition (OCR) and other techniques, this feature can provide live translation of in-game text, text-to-speech for visually impaired users, and more — either on demand or automatically.	You can use RetroArch's AI Service or the standalone offline bquenin's Interpreter.

Operating system support

For virtualization of these legacy operating systems, see Windows NT 5.x emulators#Hypervisors.

For extensive list of OS support solely for 86Box emulator, see 86Box#OS_support.

Note: Do NOT spam fake or real but unemulated entries without legit proof.

Name		86Box	DOSBox forks
DOS	MS-DOS	✓	✓
	Windows 3.0	✓	✓
	Windows 3.1	✓	✓
	Windows 9x	✓	✓
OS/2	ArcaOS	✓	✗
	eComStation	✓	✗
	OS/2	✓	✗
	Workplace OS	?	?
Unix-like	Debian	?	?
Unix-like	Fedora	✓	?
Windows NT	Windows NT 3.x	✓	~^[3]
	Windows NT 4.0	✓	✗
	Windows NT 5.x	~ 86Box, PCem and PCBox supports these OS'es but even these actively maintained advanced emulators have limited Intel-based_PC_emulator_comparisons#x86_CPU's, Graphic Cards and Intel-based_PC_emulator_comparisons#Mainboards support especially for more demanding NT-based operating systems, performance will be unbearable anyway. Recommended to use "recommended available solutions" for these OS'es mentioned in Windows XP page.	✗ NT-Based OSes unsupported on most of the DOSBox forks at the moment. But it is possible to implement specific techniques to these emulators for achieving and improving Windows NT-based operating system emulation experience. See DOSBox-X: KVM and Hyper-V issue page, also DOSBox-X: 3D Graphics cards feature request page. There are other related things such as: adding softgpu driver compatibility for Windows XP guest. So in summary, lots of work already done for this which is promising for the future of Windows XP emulation.
	Windows NT 6.x	?	✗
Other	Coherent	?	?
	CP/M-86	?	?
	GRiD-OS	?	?
	Inferno	?	?
	JavaOS	?	?
	Mac OS X (Intel)	✗	✗
	N88-BASIC(86)	?	?
	NetWare	?	?
	PC-UX	?	?
	PC/GEOS	?	?
	Solaris	?	?
	Towns OS	?	?
	Xenix	?	?
	Zenith System Manager	?	?

For software that can run hardware features designed for PC-9800 system, see NEC PC-9800 series#Hardware features and peripherals.

For extensive list of hardware support solely for 86Box emulator, see 86Box#Hardware support.

For extensive list of hardware support solely for PCem emulator, see PCem#Hardware support.

List of pre-installed drivers on Windows

Note: Do NOT spam fake or real but unemulated entries without legit proof.

Side note: Please don't bump/spam GitHub threads/issues and feature request pages. This list only includes parts and accessories that can be possible to emulated through software or will be possible in the near future. Including everything would result in an endless list.

Hardware, peripherals, and features

Name		86Box	DOSBox forks
External monitors		?	?
Full system emulation^[4]		✓	✗
Input	Infrared	✗	?
	Microphone	✗	?
	MIDI	✓	?
Networking	Ethernet	✓	?
Networking	Modem	✓	?
Ports	Communications	✓	?
	Game	✓	?
	Printer	✓	?
	Serial	✓	?
	USB	✗	?
ROM	Cartridge (IBM PCjr)	✓	?
ROM	Cassette (IBM PC)	✓	?
Scanner		✗	?

wip, any volunteer?

Machines/Motherboards and CPUs →	Display adapters/GPUs →	CD-ROM controllers →	Floppy disk controllers →

CD-ROM controllers

Name		Interface	Emulation
Name		Interface	86Box	DOSBox forks
Mitsumi	Mitsumi CD-ROM Controller with Double Speed Drive		✗	?
	Mitsumi CD-ROM Controller with Newer Single Speed Drive		✗	?
	Mitsumi CD-ROM Controller with Older Single Speed Drive		✗	?
MKEPanasonic (Matsushita-Kotobuki Electronics Industries Ltd.)	MKEPanasonic CD-ROM Drive	IDE	✓	?
	MKEPanasonic CD-ROM Drive (Creative)	IDE	✓	?
Sony Corp.	Sony Proprietary CD-ROM Controller		✗	?

Floppy disk controllers

Name		Interface	Emulation
Name		Interface	86Box	DOSBox forks
(Standard floppy disk controllers)	Standard Floppy Disk Controller		✗	?
Adaptec	Adaptec SCSI Adapter Floppy Controller		✗	?
BusLogic	BusLogic SCSI Adapter Floppy Controller		✗	?
Compaq	Compaq Floppy Disk Controller		✗	?
Compaq	Compaq PCMCIA Floppy Disk Controller		✗	?
Internal device			✓	?
Zenith Data Systems	Standard Floppy Controller on Zenith EISA board		✗	?
	DTK PII-151B (MiniMicro) Floppy Drive Controller	ISA	✓	?
	DTK PII-158B (MiniMicro4) Floppy Drive Controller	ISA	✓	?
	Magitronic B215	ISA	✓	?
	Micro Solutions CompatiCard I	ISA	✓	?
	Micro Solutions CompatiCard II	ISA	✓	?
	Monster FDC Floppy Drive Controller	ISA	✓	?
	PC/AT Floppy Drive Controller		✓	?
	PC/XT Floppy Drive Controller		✓	?

Game controllers

Name	86Box	DOSBox forks
CH Flightstick	✓	?
CH Flightstick Pro	✓	?
CH Virtual Pilot	✓	?
CH Virtual Pilot Pro	✓	?
Generic Game port Devices	✓	?
Gravis Analog Joystick	✗	?
Gravis Analog Pro Joystick	✗	?
Gravis BlackHawk Digital	✗	?
Gravis Eliminator Precision Pro	✗	?
Gravis Gamepad	✓	?
Gravis Gamepad Pro	✗	?
Gravis Xterminator Digital Gamepad	✗	?
Gravis Xterminator Dual Control	✗	?
InterAct ProPad 6	✗	?
Logitech Thunderpad	✗	?
Logitech WingMan	✗	?
Logitech WingMan Extreme	✗	?
Logitech WingMan Light	✗	?
Microsoft SideWinder 3D Pro	✗	?
Microsoft SideWinder Freestyle Pro	✗	?
Microsoft SideWinder game pad	✓	?
Microsoft SideWinder Precision Pro	✗	?
Thrustmaster Flight Control System	✓	?
Thrustmaster Formula T1/T2 with adapter	✓	?
Thrustmaster Formula T1/T2 without adapter	✓	?
Thrustmaster Top Gun Platinum	✗	?

Hard disk controllers

Name		Interface	Emulation
Name		Interface	86Box	DOSBox forks
(Standard hard disk drivers)	Plus Hardcard II		✗	?
	Plus Hardcard IIXL/EZ		✗	?
	Standard Bus Mastering IDE Hard Disk Controller		✗	?
	Standard Bus Mastering IDE Hard Disk Controller (no serialization)		✗	?
	Standard Dual PCI IDE Controller	PCI	✓	?
	Standard IDE/ESDI Hard Disk Controller		✗	?
	Standard IDE/ESDI Hard Disk Controller (no serialization)		✗	?
	Standard PCI IDE Controller	PCI	✓	?
	Zeos ESDI IDE Controller		✗	?
Acer Labs Inc	ALI PCI IDE Controller	PCI	✗	?
Appian Technology	Appian PCI IDE Controller	PCI	✗	?
CMD Technology	CMD PCI-0640 PCI to IDE Controller	PCI	✗	?
	CMD PCI-0640 Bus Master PCI to IDE Controller	PCI	✗	?
	CMD PCI-0646 (Tertiary and Quaternary)	PCI	✓	?
	CMD PCI-0648 (Tertiary and Quaternary)	PCI	✓	?
	CMD PCI-0649 (Tertiary and Quaternary)	PCI	✓	?
Compaq	Compaq Advanced ESDI Controller		✗	?
Compaq	Compaq IDE Controller		✗	?
Creative Labs	Creative Labs IDE Controller		✗	?
DTC Data Technology	DTC 2130S PCI Bus to IDE Single Port Controller	PCI	✗	?
DTC Data Technology	DTC 5150X MFM Fixed Disk Adapter	ISA	✓	?
IBM	IBM MCA Integrated Fixed Disk and Controller		✗	?
IBM	IBM PC Fixed Disk Adapter (MFM)	ISA	✓	?
Integral Peripherals	Integral Peripherals PCMCIA Hard Disk		✗	?
Intel	Intel 82092AA PCI IDE Controller	PCI	✗	?
	Intel 82371FB PCI Bus Master IDE Controller	PCI	✗	?
	Intel 82371SB PCI Bus Master IDE Controller	PCI	✗	?
Internal device			✓	?
Kingston Technology	Kingston Technology 170MB PCMCIA Hard Disk		✗	?
Maxtor	MobileMax 105MB PCMCIA Hard Disk		✗	?
	MobileMax 105MB PCMCIA Hard Disk (1U3B)		✗	?
	MobileMax 131MB PCMCIA Hard Disk		✗	?
	MobileMax 171MB PCMCIA Hard Disk		✗	?
	MobileMax 262MB PCMCIA Hard Disk		✗	?
MiniStor	MiniStor 131MB PCMCIA Hard Disk		✗	?
MiniStor	MiniStor 170MB PCMCIA Hard Disk		✗	?
National Semiconductor	National Semiconductor Dual PCI IDE Controller (RMM Support Only)	PCI	✗	?
Opti	Opti Dual PCI IDE Controller	PCI	✗	?
PC Technology	PC Tech PCI IDE Single or Dual Port Controller	PCI	✗	?
Silicon Integrated Systems	SiS 5513 Dual PCI IDE Controller	PCI	✗	?
Silicon Integrated Systems	SiS 5513 Dual PCI IDE Controller (C Stepping)	PCI	✗	?
SunDisk	SunDisk ATA FlashDisk		✗	?
Symphony Labs	Symphony PCI IDE Controller	PCI	✗	?
VIA Tech	VIA Tech Dual PCI IDE Controller	PCI	✗	?
Zenith Data Systems	Standard IDE Controller on Zenith EISA board		✗	?
	Acculogic XT IDE	ISA	✓	?
	PC/AT IDE Controller	ISA16	✓	?
	PC/AT IDE Controller (Dual-Channel)	ISA16	✓	?
	PS/2 AT XTIDE (1.1.5)	ISA16	✓	?
	PS/2 AT XTIDE (1.1.5) (Primary Only)	ISA16	✓	?
	PC/XT XTIDE	ISA	✓	?
	PC/XT XTIDE	ISA16	✓	?
	PC/XT XTIDE (Primary Only)	ISA16	✓	?
	Quaternary IDE Controller	ISA16	✓	?
	ST-11M MFM Fixed Disk Adapter	ISA	✓	?
	ST-11R RLL Fixed Disk Adapter	ISA	✓	?
	ST-50X Fixed Disk Controller	ISA	✓	?
	Tertiary IDE Controller	ISA16	✓	?
	Victor V86P RLL Fixed Disk Adapter	ISA	✓	?
	WD1002A-27X RLL Fixed Disk Adapter	ISA	✓	?
	WD1002A-WX1 MFM Fixed Disk Adapter	ISA	✓	?
	WD1003 AT MFM/RLL Controller	ISA16	✓	?
	WD1004-27X RLL Fixed Disk Adapter	ISA	✓	?
	WD1004A-27X RLL Fixed Disk Adapter	ISA	✓	?
	WD1004A-WX1 MFM Fixed Disk Adapter	ISA	✓	?
	WDXT-150 XTA Fixed Disk Controller	ISA	✓	?
	Western Digital WD1007V-SE1 (ESDI)	ISA16	✓	?
	Western Digital WDXT-GEN (MFM)	ISA	✓	?

Keyboards

Name	86Box	DOSBox forks
AT&T 302 Keyboard	✗	?
AX Keyboard	✓	?
Compaq Enhanced Keyboard	✗	?
Olivetti Keyboard (102-Key)	✗	?
Olivetti Keyboard (83-Key)	✗	?
Olivetti Keyboard (86-Key)	✗	?
Olivetti Keyboard (A101/102-Key)	✗	?
PS/2 Keyboard	✓	?
PS/55 Keyboard	✓	?
PC/AT Keyboard (84-Key)	✓	?
PC/XT Keyboard (83-Key)	✗	?
PC/XT Keyboard (84-Key)	✗	?
Standard 101/102-Key or Microsoft Natural Keyboard	✗	?

Mice

Name		86Box	DOSBox forks
(Standard mouse types)	InPort Adapter Mouse	✗	?
	Standard Bus Adapter Mouse	✗	?
	Standard PS/2 Port Mouse	✓ Recommended to overclock the PS/2 interrupt frequency to slightly higher value if you're emulating PS/2 device for pointing device on top of higher display refresh rate from emulated guest operating system. Use 86Box's new recompiler, Smaller frames for CPU frame size, OGL renderer, fullscreen it, set guest to 100hz so it runs in VRR in your host's higher refresh rate mode, install the Logitech MouseWare (backup) in guest that allows you to disable mouse acceleration and use a 100hz poll rate (use 200Hz if you choose 2-button PS/2 mouse). Also see Input lag section and 86Box Docs: Input.	?
	Standard Serial Mouse	✗	?
Compaq	Compaq Internal Trackball (PS/2)	✗	?
	Compaq Internal Trackball (Serial)	✗	?
	Compaq PS/2 Port Mouse	✗	?
Kensington	Kensington Serial Expert Mouse	✗	?
Logitech	Logitech Bus Adapter Mouse	✓	?
	Logitech PS/2 Port Mouse	✗	?
	Logitech Serial Mouse	✓	?
Microsoft	Microsoft Bus Adapter Mouse	✓	?
	Microsoft InPort Adapter Mouse	✓	?
	Microsoft PS/2 Port Mouse	✗	?
	Microsoft Serial BallPoint	✓	?
	Microsoft Serial EasyBall	✗	?
	Microsoft Serial Mouse	✓	?
Texas Instruments	Texas Instruments QuickPort BallPoint	✗	?
Toshiba	Toshiba AcuPoint	✗	?
	3M MicroTouch (Serial)	✓	?
	Mouse Systems Bus Mouse	✓	?
	Mouse Systems Serial Mouse	✓	?

Modems

Name		86Box	DOSBox forks
Hayes	Standard Hayes-compliant modem	✓	?

Network adapters

Using proxy projects for retro web browsing experience is recommended.
Name	Interface	Standard (IEEE 802.3)	Release year	Chipset	86Box	DOSBox forks
3Com EtherLink II	ISA	10BASE-T 10BASE2	1988	3Com 3C503	✓	?
AMD PCNet-FAST III	PCI	100BASE-TX	1997	AMD PCnet-FAST III	✓	?
AMD PCNet-ISA	ISA	10BASE-T 10BASE2	1991	AMD LANCE	✓	?
AMD PCnet-ISA+	ISA	10BASE-T 10BASE2	1995	AMD PCnet-ISA+	✓	?
AMD PCNet-PCI II	PCI	100BASE-TX	1996	AMD PCnet-PCI II	✓	?
AMD PCnet-VL	VL-Bus	10BASE-T 10BASE-FL 100BASE-TX 100BASE-FX	1995	AMD PCnet-VL	✓	?
NetWorth EtherNext/MC	ISA	10BASE-T	1991	Western Digital WD83C690	✓	?
Novell NE1000	ISA	10BASE-T 10BASE5	1986	National Semiconductor DP8390	✓	?
Novell NE2000	ISA	10BASE-T 10BASE2	1990	National Semiconductor DP8390	✓	?
PLIP Network	Parallel	Proprietary	N/A	N/A	✓	?
Racal Interlan EtherBlaster	ISA	10BASE-T 10BASE2	1992	National Semiconductor DP8390	✓	?
Realtek RTL8019AS	ISA	10BASE-T 10BASE5	1995	Realtek RTL8019AS	✓	?
Realtek RTL8029AS	PCI	10BASE-T 10BASE5	1995	Realtek RTL8029AS	✓	?
Western Digital WD8003E	ISA	10BASE2 10BASE5	1987	Western Digital WD83C690	✓	?
Western Digital WD8003E/A	ISA	10BASE5	1988	Western Digital WD83C690	✓	?
Western Digital WD8003EB	ISA	10BASE2	1988	Western Digital WD83C690	✓	?
Western Digital WD8003ET/A	ISA	10BASE-T	1989	Western Digital WD83C690	✓	?
Western Digital WD8003EBT	ISA	10BASE-T 10BASE2	1989	Western Digital WD83C690	✓	?

Sound

Also see Sound and audio, and Wrappers.

Sound cards

Name		Interface	Release Year	API Support	Emulation
Name		Interface	Release Year	API Support	86Box	DOSBox forks
Ad Lib	Ad Lib Compatible (OPL2)	ISA/Sidecar	1987	N/A	✓	?
	Ad Lib ASB 16			N/A	✗	?
	Ad Lib Gold Compatible (OPL3)	ISA	1992	N/A	✓	?
Aztech Labs	Aztech Sound Galaxy Nova 16				✗	?
	Aztech Sound Galaxy Nova 16 Extra	ISA16			✓	?
	Aztech Sound Galaxy Pro 16 AB	ISA16	1994	N/A	✓	?
	Aztech Sound Galaxy Pro 16 III-3D PnP			N/A	✗	?
	Aztech Sound Galaxy Washington 16				✗	?
	Aztech Sound Galaxy WaveRider Pro 32-3D (I) PnP			N/A	✗	?
	Aztech Sound-3 288FSP			N/A	✗	?
Compaq	Compaq Business Audio				✗	?
Creative Labs	Creative Advanced Wave Effects Synthesis for AWE 32				✗	?
	Creative EMU8000 PnP	ISA16			✓	?
	Creative Labs Sound Blaster	ISA	1989 / 1991	N/A	✓	?
	Creative Labs Sound Blaster 16	ISA16	1992	N/A	✓	?
	Creative Labs Sound Blaster 16 Plug and Play	ISA16			✓	?
	Creative Labs Sound Blaster 32 Plug and Play	ISA16			✓	?
	Creative Labs Sound Blaster Audigy		2001	EAX 3.0	✗	?
	Creative Labs Sound Blaster Audigy 2		2002	EAX 4.0	✗	?
	Creative Labs Sound Blaster Audigy 2 ZS		2003	EAX 4.0	✗	?
	Creative Labs Sound Blaster AWE-32	ISA16	1994	N/A	✓	?
	Creative Labs Sound Blaster AWE-32 Plug and Play	ISA16			✓	?
	Creative Labs Sound Blaster AWE-64	ISA16	1996	N/A	✓	?
	Creative Labs Sound Blaster AWE-64 Gold	ISA16			✓	?
	Creative Labs Sound Blaster AWE-64 Value	ISA16			✓	?
	Creative Labs Sound Blaster Pro	ISA	1991	N/A	✓	?
	Creative Labs Sound Blaster PCI 128	PCI	1998	N/A	✓	?
	Creative Labs Sound Blaster PCI 4.1	PCI	1998	N/A	✓	?
	Creative Labs Sound Blaster Live!		1998	EAX 1.0 / 2.0	✗	?
	Creative Labs Sound Blaster ViBRA 16	ISA16	1992	N/A	✓	?
	Creative Music System / Game Blaster	ISA	1987 / 1988	N/A	✓	?
DSP Group	TrueSpeech(TM) Software CODEC				✗	?
ESS Technology, Inc.	ESS ES1488 AudioDrive				✗	?
	ESS ES1688 AudioDrive	ISA			✓	?
	ESS ES1688 Plug And Play AudioDrive	ISA			✓	?
	ESS ES488 AudioDrive				✗	?
	ESS ES688 AudioDrive	ISA			✓	?
	ESS ES688 Plug And Play AudioDrive	ISA			✓	?
Internal device					✓	?
Media Vision	Media Vision Pro Audio Deluxe		1994	N/A	✗	?
	Media Vision Pro Audio Deluxe 16		1994	N/A	✗	?
	Media Vision Jazz-16		1993	N/A	✗	?
	Media Vision Jazz-8		1993	N/A	✗	?
	Media Vision Pro Audio Spectrum 16	ISA16	1992	N/A	✓	?
	Media Vision Pro Audio Spectrum Basic		1991	N/A	✗	?
	Media Vision Pro Audio Spectrum Plus	ISA	1991	N/A	✓	?
	Media Vision Pro Audio Spectrum Studio with SCSI		1993	N/A	✗	?
	Media Vision ProSonic 16 SCSI		1993	N/A	✗	?
	Media Vision Pro/Premium 3D		1994	VBI/AI	✗	?
	Media Vision Thunder Board		1991	N/A	✗	?
Microsoft	MS Windows Sound System Compatible	ISA16	1992	N/A	✓	?
	AcerMagic S20	ISA16			✓	?
	Analog Devices AD1881	AMR			✓	?
	Aureal Vortex 1 (e.g., Turtle Beach Montego)		1997	A3D 1.0	✗	?
	Aureal Vortex 2 (e.g., Diamond Monster Sound MX300)		1998	A3D 2.0	✗	?
	Aureal Vortex Advantage		1999	A3D 1.0	✗	?
	Boca Sound Expression 14.4 SRS			N/A	✗	?
	Boca Sound Expression V.34 SRS			N/A	✗	?
	C-Media CMI8338	PCI			✓	?
	C-Media CMI8738	PCI			✓	?
	Covox Sound Master Key	ISA/Sidecar			✓	?
	Covox Voice Master Key	ISA/Sidecar			✓	?
	Crystal CS4235	ISA16			✓	?
	Crystal CS4236B	ISA16			✓	?
	Crystal CS4297A	AMR			✓	?
	Ensoniq AudioPCI	PCI			✓	?
	The Entertainer	ISA			✓	?
	Gravis UltraSound	ISA16	1992	N/A	✓	?
	Gravis UltraSound ACE	ISA16	1995	N/A	✓	?
	Gravis UltraSound MAX	ISA16	1994	N/A	✓	?
	Innovation SSI-2001	ISA	1989	N/A	✓	?
	OPL2Board (External Device)	ISA			✓	?
	Mindscape Music Board	ISA	1985	N/A	✓	?
	miroSOUND PCM10	ISA16			✓	?
	ISA DAC-r0	ISA/Sidecar			✓	?
	ISA DAC-r1	ISA/Sidecar			✓	?
	OPTi 82c930	ISA16			✓	?
	PS/1 Audio Card		1990	N/A	✗	?
	Rainbow Arts PC-Soundman	ISA/Sidecar			✓	?
	Tandy PSSJ Clone	ISA	1989	N/A	✓	?
	TNDY	ISA			✓	?
	Yamaha YMF701 (OPL3-SA)	ISA16	1994	N/A	✓	?
	Yamaha YMF711 (OPL3-SA2)		1995	N/A	✗	?
	Yamaha YMF715 (OPL3-SA3)		1995	DirectSound3D QSound	✗	?
	Yamaha YMF718 (OPL3-SA2)	ISA16			✓	?
	Yamaha YMF719 (OPL3-SA3)	ISA16			✓	?

MIDI synthesizer modules / Interfaces

Name	Release Year	Interface/Protocol	Emulation
Name	Release Year	Interface/Protocol	86Box	DOSBox forks
Casio MT-540 / CT-460 / CSM-1	1988 / 1988 / 1989	MPU-401 MIDI	✗	?
Korg NS5R	1997	MPU-401 MIDI	✗	?
Korg NX5R	1999	MPU-401 MIDI	✗	?
Roland MPU-401	1984	MPU-401 MIDI	✗	?
Roland MT-32	1987	MPU-401 MIDI	✓	?
Roland CM-32L			✓	?
Roland CM-32LN			✓	?
Roland SC-55	1991	MPU-401 MIDI	✗	?
Roland SC-55mkII	1993	MPU-401 MIDI	✗	?
Roland SC-88	1994	MPU-401 MIDI	✗	?
Roland RAP-10	1994	MPU-401 MIDI	✗	?
Roland SC-88 Pro	1994	MPU-401 MIDI	✗	?
Roland ED SC-8820	1999	MPU-401 MIDI	✗	?
Roland ED SC-8850	1999	MPU-401 MIDI	✗	?
Roland ED SC-D70	2001	MPU-401 MIDI	✗	?
Yamaha MU80	1994	MPU-401 MIDI	✗	?
Yamaha MU90	1996	MPU-401 MIDI	✗	?
Yamaha MU100	1997	MPU-401 MIDI	✗	?
Yamaha MU128	1998	MPU-401 MIDI	✗	?
Yamaha MU2000	1999	MPU-401 MIDI	✗	?

External Audio Devices

Name	Release Year	Interface/Protocol	Emulation
Name	Release Year	Interface/Protocol	86Box	DOSBox forks
Covox Speech Thing	1987	Parallel Port	✓	?
Disney Sound Source	1991	Parallel Port	✓	?

System devices

Name	86Box	DOSBox forks
EISA bus	✗	?
ISA Plug and Play bus	✓	?
ISA Plug and Play bus with VL slots	?	?
MCA bus	✗	?
PCI bus	✓	?

MPEG hardware decoders

placeholder text https://www.vogons.org/viewtopic.php?f=46&t=34225&hilit=dvd+accelerators https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RealMagic

Floppy, CD-ROM, and DVD-ROM drives

It's recommended to see Ripping, Home media players and Save disk space for ISOs pages. See Disc Drive emulation. Also see Copy protection#Emulation section for middleware or disc-check emulation software tools.

See Disc Drive emulation page for 86Box capabilities.
DOSbox-X supports CD-ROM or DVD image files with the ISO-9660 (or High-Sierra) filesystem in .ISO, .CUE+.BIN, .MDF or .CHD. Similar to speed profiles for hard disks, up to 72x maximum transfer speed for the drive emulation supported. This way you can enjoy interactive features of your games that comes with notable installers.
There is a feature request for adding MDF/MDS support to DOSBox-Staging.
Also see the PicoIDE project.

Storage

86Box supports speed profiles for hard disk (only IDE and ESDI) images. Speed emulation takes the rotation speed, physical layout and cache size of an average period-correct drive into account. The RAM Disk profile runs the drive as fast as the host can manage.

Hard drive interface

Name	86Box	DOSBox forks
ESDI	✓	?
IDE-XTA	✓	?
MFM/RLL	✓	?
SCSI	✓	?
Standard IDE	✓	?

Controller card

Name	86Box	DOSBox forks
Acculogic XT-IDE	✓	?
Adaptec AHA-1542C	✓	?
Adaptec AHA-1640	✓	?
AT Fixed Disk Adapter	✗	?
BusLogic BT-445C/S	✓	?
BusLogic BT-545S	✓	?
BusLogic BT-640A	✓	?
DTC 5150X	✓	?
Fixed Disk Adapter (Xebec)	✗	?
IBM ESDI Fixed Disk Controller	✗	?
IBM SCSI Adapter with Cache	✗	?
Longshine LCS-6821N	✓	?
NCR 53C90	✓	?
Rancho RT1000B	✓	?
ST-11M (MFM)	✓	?
ST-11R (RLL)	✓	?
Trantor T130B	✓	?
Western Digital WD1002A-WX1	✓	?
Western Digital WD1007V-SE1	✓	?
Western Digital WDXT-150	✓	?
XTIDE	✓	?

Notes

↑ It should build on Linux and macOS (Including M1) but no release builds for these platforms at the moment.
↑ Including Virtual GPU Adapter, integrations and legacy operating system support and drivers.

References

↑ Raising the Bar for IBM PC/XT Emulation: MartyPC
↑ Glorious_Cow's comment about MartyPC emulator.
↑ https://github.com/joncampbell123/dosbox-x/blob/master/NOTES/Microsoft%20Windows%20NT%203.1, https://github.com/joncampbell123/dosbox-x/blob/master/NOTES/Microsoft%20Windows%20NT%203.51
↑ Beyond basic environment emulation, Full-System Emulation recreates the entire hardware stack and architecture rather than just the software layer. By emulating the actual motherboard chipset and original firmware (e.g., Award, AMI), it enables a true "Cold Boot" experience with granular, low-level control. Users can interact with the virtual machine exactly like physical vintage hardware—adjusting DRAM timings, CPU ring ratios, memory latency, and bus speeds directly through the BIOS setup. This approach ensures the hardware-level behavior that standard environment emulators cannot match.

External links

[1] It should build on Linux and macOS (Including M1) but no release builds for these platforms at the moment.

[2] Including Virtual GPU Adapter, integrations and legacy operating system support and drivers.

[3] Raising the Bar for IBM PC/XT Emulation: MartyPC

[4] Glorious_Cow's comment about MartyPC emulator.

[5] ttps://github.com/joncampbell123/dosbox-x/blob/master/NOTES/Microsoft%20Windows%20NT%203.1, https://github.com/joncampbell123/dosbox-x/blob/master/NOTES/Microsoft%20Windows%20NT%203.51

[6] Beyond basic environment emulation, Full-System Emulation recreates the entire hardware stack and architecture rather than just the software layer. By emulating the actual motherboard chipset and original firmware (e.g., Award, AMI), it enables a true "Cold Boot" experience with granular, low-level control. Users can interact with the virtual machine exactly like physical vintage hardware—adjusting DRAM timings, CPU ring ratios, memory latency, and bus speeds directly through the BIOS setup. This approach ensures the hardware-level behavior that standard environment emulators cannot match.

[note 1]

[note 2]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]