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;Color encoding
;Color encoding
On systems connected with a composite, s-video or rf cable the color of the video signal is encoded using either NTSC or PAL. While NTSC and PAL has become synonymous with 60 and 50hz, the color encoding is independent of refresh rate, with the Dreamcast popularising "PAL-60" modes in PAL regions. Note that a RGB or component video signal is not inherently NTSC or PAL coded. When playing on an emulator, [[NTSC filters]] can be used to produce an image similar to playing on a TV.  
On systems connected with a composite, s-video or rf cable the color of the video signal is encoded using either NTSC or PAL. While NTSC and PAL has become synonymous with 60 and 50hz, the color encoding is independent of refresh rate, with the Dreamcast popularising "PAL-60" modes in PAL regions. Note that a RGB or component video signal is not inherently NTSC or PAL coded. When playing on an emulator, [[NTSC filters]] can be used to produce an image similarly to playing on a TV.  


SECAM is a third color standard but due to many of the countries that used it were [[wikipedia:Second World|Second World]] and [[wikipedia:Third World|Third World]] few consoles would use that format, and consoles and home computers released in France would often use RGB SCART cables instead. See this [[wikipedia:SECAM#Countries_and_territories_that_use_SECAM|Wikipedia article]] for a list of current and former SECAM countries
SECAM is a third color standard but due to many of the countries that used it were [[wikipedia:Second World|Second World]] and [[wikipedia:Third World|Third World]] few consoles would use that format, and consoles and home computers released in France would often use RGB SCART cables instead. See this [[wikipedia:SECAM#Countries_and_territories_that_use_SECAM|Wikipedia article]] for a list of current and former SECAM countries


See also [[Broadcast and Cable Communication Systems]]
See also [[Broadcast and cable communication systems]]


;Colorspaces
;Colorspaces
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; Good sources for resolution data
; Good sources for resolution data
:: SDKs, these are usually confidential but often end up leaking or released after a system's commercial life ended, for example [https://www.hillsoftware.com/files/atari/jaguar/jag_v8.pdf Jaguar technical reference manage]
:: SDKs, these are usually confidential but often end up leaking or released after a system's commercial life ended, for example [https://www.hillsoftware.com/files/atari/jaguar/jag_v8.pdf Jaguar technical reference manage]
:: Documentation compiled from reverse engineering hardware, for example [https://problemkaputt.de/fullsnes.htm nocash's fullsnes specs]
:: Documentation compiled from reverse-engineering hardware, for example [https://problemkaputt.de/fullsnes.htm nocash's fullsnes specs]
:: Direct rips from the system's framebuffer, usually obtained using either a development kit or some kind of custom firmware.
:: Direct rips from the system's framebuffer, usually obtained using either a development kit or some kind of custom firmware.
; Bad sources for resolution
; Bad sources for resolution
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|}
|}


 
;DAR vs. PAR
{{Main|Shaders, presets, and filters#DAR vs. PAR}}


==Consoles==
==Consoles==
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|-
|-
|[[PlayStation 2 emulators|PlayStation 2]]
|[[PlayStation 2 emulators|PlayStation 2]]
|256x224, 256x240, 256x448, 256x480, 256x512, 320x224, 320x256, 320x448, 320x480, 320x512, 384x224, 384x256, 384x448, 384x480, 384x512, 512x224, 512x256, 512x448, 512x512, 576x224, 576x240, 576x448, 576x480, 576x512, 640x224, 640x240, 640x256, 640x448, 640×480, 640x512, 704x224, 704x240, 704x256, 704x448, 704x480, 704x512, 640x864, 640x896, 720x960, 640x540, 720x600, 640x960, 576x960, 720x512, 676x480, 800x560, 720x480, 720×540, 720×576, 800x600, 1024x768, 512x768, 640x1024, 1024x480, 1024x896, 1024x960, 1024×1024, 1280x960, 1280x1024
|256x224, 256x240, 256x448, 256x480, 256x512, 320x224, 320x256, 320x448, 320x480, 320x512, 384x224, 384x256, 384x448, 384x480, 384x512, 512x224, 512x256, 512x320, 512x384, 512x448, 512x512, 560x224, 576x240, 560x448, 576x480, 640x224, 640x240, 640x256, 640x448, 640x479, 640×480, 640x512, 704x224, 704x240, 704x256, 704x448, 704x480, 704x512, 640x864, 640x896, 720x960, 640x540, 640x960, 576x960, 544x480, 800x560, 720x476, 720x540, 800x600, 1024x768, 512x768, 640x1024, 1024x480, 1024x896, 1024x960, 1024x1024, 1280x960, 1280x1024
|24-bit, RGB
|24-bit, RGB
|240p, 480i (NTSC), 480p, 288p, 576i (PAL), 576p, 720p, 960i (GSM Selector), 1080i (Gran Turismo 4)
|240p, 480i (NTSC), 480p, 288p, 576i (PAL), 576p, 720p, 960i (GSM Selector), 1080i (Gran Turismo 4)
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|-
|-
|[[Sega Dreamcast emulators|Sega Dreamcast]]
|[[Sega Dreamcast emulators|Sega Dreamcast]]
|320×240, 256x224, 256×240, 512x224, 512x240, 640×480, 512x448, 512x480, 672x480, 720x240, 720×480, 768x240, 768x480, 720x540, 720x576, 544x608, 400x240, 416x768, 384x864, 320x960, 800x640, 1024x480, 1024x960, 1024x768, 1280x480, 1280x960, 1280x1024, 1440x1024<ref group=O name=dc2>These are from the DreamHAL documentation, as a rule 1. the Dreamcast has a fixed pixel clock, adding more vertical lines or increasing the refresh rate will reduce the horizontal resolution, 2. if PowerVR is to be used, the resolution needs to be a multiple of 32 due to tiling</ref>
|320×240, 256x224, 256×240, 512x224, 512x240, 640×480, 512x448, 512x480, 672x480, 720x240, 720×480, 768x240, 768x480, 768x540, 544x608, 400x240, 416x768, 384x864, 320x960, 800x640, 1024x480, 1024x960, 1024x768, 1280x480, 1280x960, 1280x1024, 1440x1024<ref group=O name=dc2>These are from the DreamHAL documentation, as a rule 1. the Dreamcast has a fixed pixel clock, adding more vertical lines or increasing the refresh rate will reduce the horizontal resolution, 2. if PowerVR is to be used, the resolution needs to be a multiple of 32 due to tiling</ref>
|24-bit, RGB
|24-bit, RGB
|240p, 480i (NTSC), 480p, 288p, 576i (PAL), 576p, 720p, 960p <ref group=O name=dcvga>A variety of display moves are possible for homebrew programs, see [https://dcemulation.org/phpBB/viewtopic.php?t=105441]</ref>
|240p, 480i (NTSC), 480p, 288p, 576i (PAL), 576p, 720p, 960p <ref group=O name=dcvga>A variety of display moves are possible for homebrew programs, see [https://dcemulation.org/phpBB/viewtopic.php?t=105441]</ref>
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|-
|-
|[[GameCube emulators|GameCube]] and [[Wii emulators|Wii]]
|[[GameCube emulators|GameCube]] and [[Wii emulators|Wii]]
|640x400, 640×448, 640×480, 640x512, 640x528, 640×576, 640x600, 640x768, 640x960<ref group=O name=three>Similar to N64, games ran at various resolutions internally[https://tcrf.net/Help:Contents/Taking_Screenshots#GameCube/Wii], though output is usually in 480p.</ref>
|640x400, 640×448, 640×480, 640x512, 640x528, 640×576, 640x600, 640x768, 640x960<ref group=O name=three>Similarly to N64, games ran at various resolutions internally[https://tcrf.net/Help:Contents/Taking_Screenshots#GameCube/Wii], though output is usually in 480p.</ref>
etc
etc
|24-bit, RGB
|24-bit, RGB
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|640x480, 640x576, 720x480, 720x576, 960x720, 1280x720, 1280x768, 1280x800, 1440x900, 1280x1024, 1600x1024, 960x1080, 1280x1080, 1440x1080, 1440x1152, 1536x1080,  1536x1152, 1600x1080, 1600x1200, 1600x1280, 1920x1080, 2048x1080, 1920x1200, 1920x1440, 1920x1536, 2048x1152, 2048x1536, 2304x1080, 2304x1440, 2400x1440, 2400x1800, 2560x1440, 2560x1600, 2560x1800, 2560x1920, 2560x2048<ref group=O name=ps3res>[https://forum.beyond3d.com/threads/list-of-rendering-resolutions.41152/]</ref>
|640x480, 640x576, 720x480, 720x576, 960x720, 1280x720, 1280x768, 1280x800, 1440x900, 1280x1024, 1600x1024, 960x1080, 1280x1080, 1440x1080, 1440x1152, 1536x1080,  1536x1152, 1600x1080, 1600x1200, 1600x1280, 1920x1080, 2048x1080, 1920x1200, 1920x1440, 1920x1536, 2048x1152, 2048x1536, 2304x1080, 2304x1440, 2400x1440, 2400x1800, 2560x1440, 2560x1600, 2560x1800, 2560x1920, 2560x2048<ref group=O name=ps3res>[https://forum.beyond3d.com/threads/list-of-rendering-resolutions.41152/]</ref>
|24-bit, RGB
|24-bit, RGB
|480i (NTSC), 576i (PAL), 480p, 576p, 720p, 1080i, 1080p<ref group=O name=ps3out>PS3 does '''not''' output 240p [https://www.retrorgb.com/playstation3.html][https://youtu.be/f7fCTHu99bk My Life in Gaming RGB206]</ref>
|480i (NTSC), 576i (PAL), 480p, 576p, 720p, 1080i, 1080p<ref group=O name=ps3out>PS3 does '''not''' output 240p [https://www.retrorgb.com/playstation3.html]{{YouTubeVideo|f7fCTHu99bk|My Life in Gaming RGB206}}</ref>
|59.94 (NTSC), 50 (PAL)<ref group=O name=five></ref>, 75Hz, 120Hz
|59.94 (NTSC), 50 (PAL)<ref group=O name=five></ref>, 75Hz, 120Hz
|}
|}
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|16 colors, RGBI <ref group=Q name=cga>This is with the digital CGA connector. Demos have managed to display 1024 colors with CGA over composite video [https://int10h.org/blog/2015/04/cga-in-1024-colors-new-mode-illustrated/]</ref>
|16 colors, RGBI <ref group=Q name=cga>This is with the digital CGA connector. Demos have managed to display 1024 colors with CGA over composite video [https://int10h.org/blog/2015/04/cga-in-1024-colors-new-mode-illustrated/]</ref>
|240p
|240p
|60<ref group=Q name=five>Preliminary or approximate value.</ref>
|-
|[[NEC PC-8800 series|NEC PC-88 (V1)]]
|640x200, 640x240, 640x400, 640x480
|8 colors, RGB
|240p, 480i
|60<ref group=Q name=five>Preliminary or approximate value.</ref>
|-
|[[NEC PC-8800 series|NEC PC-88 (V2)]]
|640x200, 640x240, 640x400, 640x480
|512 colors, RGB
|240p, 480i, 480p
|60<ref group=Q name=five>Preliminary or approximate value.</ref>
|-
|[[NEC PC-8800 series|NEC PC-88 VA (V3)]]
|256x200, 256x240, 256x400, 256x480, 640x200, 640x240, 640x400, 640x480, 800x600, 960x720
|65536 colors, RGB
|240p, 480i, 480p, 720p
|60<ref group=Q name=five>Preliminary or approximate value.</ref>
|60<ref group=Q name=five>Preliminary or approximate value.</ref>
|-
|-
|[[NEC PC-9800 series|NEC PC-98]]
|[[NEC PC-9800 series|NEC PC-98]]
|640x400, 640x480
|256x200, 256x240, 256x256, 320x224, 320x256, 384x256, 512x240, 512x256, 512x400, 512x480, 512x512, 640x200, 640x256, 640x400, 640x480, 640x512, 720x512, 1024x1024, 1120x750, 1280x1024
|4096 colors
|65536 colors, RGB
|240p, 480i, 480p
|240p, 480i, 480p
|60<ref group=Q name=five>Preliminary or approximate value.</ref>
|-
|[[Sharp X68000|Sharp X68K]]
|256x240, 256x256, 352x240, 384x256, 512x240, 512x256, 512x480, 512x512, 640x480, 704x480, 720x512, 768x512, 1024x1024
|65536 colors
|240p, 480i, 480p, 720p
|60<ref group=Q name=five>Preliminary or approximate value.</ref>
|60<ref group=Q name=five>Preliminary or approximate value.</ref>
|-
|-
|[[VIC-20|Commodore VIC-20]]
|[[VIC-20|Commodore VIC-20]]
|176x184 <ref group=Q name=vic20>This is the standard resolution with 22x23 characters. Demos have managed to output resolutions as high as 224x280 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aPXcp61Bg2I</ref>
|176x184 <ref group=Q name=vic20>This is the standard resolution with 22x23 characters. Demos have managed to output resolutions {{YouTubeVideo|aPXcp61Bg2I|as high as 224x280}}</ref>
|16 colors
|16 colors
|240p, 288p
|240p, 288p
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