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It's similar to the difference between "regular" floppy disc dumps and the lower-level captures that devices like the Applesauce or Greaseweasel do. The regular dumps just have the data that you'd see copying the disk on the computer. The lower-level dumps go down to the magnetic flux changes on the disk and are able to reproduce complex copy protection schemes. This allows MAME and other emulators to run copy protected software with the copy protection in place. (A lot of commonly found cracked versions from back in the 80s omitted or defaced the game's content, or were incomplete so that the game crashed on later levels or couldn't be beaten).
The Daphne/Singe captures are pretty much what happens if you play the laserdisc into an Elgato or similar capture device and save the resulting video. (I'm over*Over-simplifying a bit but not a lot).
The new Domesday Duplicator captures MAME uses were captured directly from the laser in the laserdisc player and then converted into video and other data by software. Among other things, the software can take captures from multiple copies of the same disc and use data from one to fix places where the disc was scratched or smudged or dirty on another and end up with a perfect capture.
