Editing NEC PC-9800 series

{{Infobox console
|title = NEC PC-9800 series
|logo = PC98RS.jpg
|developer = [[NEC|NEC Home Electronics]]
|type = [[:Category:Computers|Home computer]]
|generation =
|release = 1982
|discontinued = 2000
|predecessor = [[NEC PC-8800 series|PC-8800]]
|successor = 
|emulated = {{✓}}
}}
:''For other emulators that run on NEC PC-98000 hardware, see [[Emulators on PC9801|Emulators on PC-9800 series]].
The '''[[wikipedia:PC-9800 series|NEC PC-9800]]''', also known as the '''PC-98''', were a family of computers made by [[wikipedia:Nec|NEC]] throughout 1982 to 2000. Despite using Intel x86 chips, MS-DOS and Windows 9x, and many other superficial similarities, the series is not IBM compatible. Some PC-98 software may work on an IBM or vice versa, but this is very <abbr title="Your mileage may vary">YMMV</abbr>.<ref>https://www.vogons.org/viewtopic.php?t=49934</ref> In fact, the introduction of a native Japanese version of standard MS-DOS in the early 90s and subsequent entry of cheaper foreign IBM clones in the Japanese market was the nail in the coffin for the PC-98. They were not released or marketed outside of Japan, besides few attempts such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APC_series#APC_III APC-III] and PC-9801FC.

The PC-98 was made with office work in mind and corners had to be cut to make this machine more affordable, which was especially evident in the slow speed of its framebuffer. As a result there was no way to achieve 60fps especially in higher resolutions (which were seen often because it made Japanese characters more legible), so the PC-98 became a home of many slower-paced games, mainly visual novels, but also JRPGs and adventure games among other genres. The cult classic YU-NO debuted there. Many games for that computer were aimed for adult audiences. Faster-paced games were less popular, leaving that to Sharp X68000 and FM-Towns, but some of them have been made for this machine, including five first entries of the famous Touhou series, which were significantly different from later releases. It was later possible to run Windows on the PC-98 and install Windows-compatible fast SVGA graphics card, but games made specifically for PC-98 DOS couldn't take advantage of it.

==Emulators==
<div style="max-width:100%; overflow:auto;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"|Name
! scope="col"|Platform(s)
! scope="col"|Latest Version
! scope="col"|[[#Hardware_features_and_peripherals|Hardware features<br/>and peripherals]]
! scope="col"|[https://retroachievements.org/gameList.php?c=48 Retro<br/>Achievements]
! scope="col"|[[Emulation Accuracy|Accuracy]]
! scope="col"|<abbr title="Free/Libre and Open-Source Software">FLOSS</abbr>
! scope="col"|Active
! scope="col"|[[Recommended Emulators|Recommended]]
|-
!colspan="13"|PC / x86
|-
|Neko Project II (猫Project II)
|align=left|{{Icon|Windows|Linux|macOS|FreeBSD}}<ref group=N name=np2kai>np2kai_libretro, Xnp2 and Neko Project II are only available options outside of Windows.</ref>
|[https://simk98.github.io/np21w/ v0.86 rev91] (21/W fork)<br/>[https://buildbot.libretro.com/nightly/ np2kai_libretro]<br/>[https://github.com/AZO234/NP2kai kai fork]<br/>[https://www.nonakap.org/np2/ Xnp2]/[https://github.com/nonakap/xnp2 git]<br/>[http://www.yui.ne.jp/np2 Neko Project II]
|{{~}}
|{{✗}}
|High
|{{✓}}
|{{~}}<ref group=N name=np2active>np2kai, np2kai_libretro and Neko Project 21/W forks are still active.</ref>
|{{✓}}
|-
|SL9821
|align=left|{{Icon|Windows|macOS}}
|[http://www.satotomi.com/sl9821/sl9821_dl.html {{SL9821Ver}}]
|{{~}}
|{{✗}}
|High
|{{✓}}
|{{✗}}
|{{~}}
|-
|ePC-9801
|align=left|{{Icon|Windows}}
|[http://takeda-toshiya.my.coocan.jp/ 12/16/2023]
|{{~}}
|{{✗}}
|Mid-Low
|{{✓}}
|{{✓}}
|{{~}}
|-
|[[DOSBox#DOSBox-X|DOSBox-X]]
|align=left|{{Icon|Windows|Linux|macOS|FreeBSD}}
|[https://github.com/joncampbell123/dosbox-x/releases {{DOSBox-XVer}}]
|{{~}}
|{{✗}}
|Low
|{{✓}}
|{{✓}}
|{{~}}
|-
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20100323104752/http://hp.vector.co.jp:80/authors/VA015680/ax/axindex2.htm Anex86]
|align=left|{{Icon|Windows}}
|[https://www.zophar.net/pc98/anex86.html e1]
|{{~}}
|{{✗}}
|Low-Mid
|{{✗}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✗}}
|-
|[[MAME]]
|align=left|{{Icon|Windows|Linux|macOS|FreeBSD}}
|<abbr title="Latest development version">git artifacts</abbr><ref group=N>[https://nightly.link/mamedev/mame/workflows/ci-windows/master CI-Windows] [https://nightly.link/mamedev/mame/workflows/ci-linux/master CI-Linux] [https://nightly.link/mamedev/mame/workflows/ci-macos/master CI-Macos]</ref></br>[http://www.mamedev.org/release.html {{MAMEVer}}]<br/>[https://buildbot.libretro.com/nightly/ libretro core]<ref group=N>As 0.251, 0.139 (2010), 0.78 (2003), 0.37b5 (2000)</ref>
|{{?}}
|{{✗}}
|Low
|{{✓}}
|{{✓}}
|{{✗}}
|-
|QEMU/9821
|align=left|{{Icon|Windows}}
|[http://takeda-toshiya.my.coocan.jp/qemu/index.html Snapshot 8/20/2012]
|{{?}}
|{{✗}}
|Low
|{{✓}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✗}}
|-
|[[86Box]]
|align=left|{{Icon|Windows|Linux|macOS}}
|[http://ci.86box.net/job/86Box Dev]<br/>[https://github.com/86Box/86Box/releases {{86BoxVer}}]
|{{?}}
|{{✗}}
|?
|{{✓}}
|{{✓}}
|{{TBD}}<ref group=N name=86box>86Box dev, OBattler stated that adding PC-98 support is on the [https://github.com/86Box/86Box/issues/3525#issuecomment-1670447663 long-term plans].</ref>
|-
!colspan="13"|Mobile / ARM
|-
|Neko Project II (猫Project II)
|align=left|{{Icon|Android|iOS}}<ref group=N name=np2kai />
|[https://buildbot.libretro.com/nightly/ np2kai_libretro]<br/>[https://github.com/AZO234/NP2kai NP2kai fork]<br/>[https://sourceforge.net/projects/np2android 20120217] (legacy)
|{{~}}
|{{✗}}
|High
|{{✓}}
|{{~}}<ref group=N name=np2active></ref>
|{{✓}}
|-
|[http://akiyuki.boy.jp/android J98]
|align=left|{{Icon|Android}}
|[http://akiyuki.boy.jp/android J98-b]
|{{~}}
|{{✗}}
|Low
|{{✗}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✗}}
|}
</div>
<references group=N />
===Comparisons===
;Neko Project II:The best PC-98 emulator out there but went inactive since March 2016. Its major drawback is the non-remappable controls.
:;Neko Project 21/W:Based on Neko Project II but with a focus on PC-9821 series with enhanced options (CPUs, memory sizes, sound sources) as well as support for LAN board, PCI bus, CD-DA, windows accelerators, fmgen and so on.
:;Neko Project II kai:A more libretro-focused fork, which has also merged several improvements from 21/W.
:;Xnp2: A port of Neko Project II to Unix-like systems.
;Anex86:Another decent PC-98 emulator, which emulates [https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPSON_PC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA EPSON PC-286/386/486] series which is a series of PC-98 clone computers made by EPSON Corporation rather than PC-98 series made by NEC. older and less powerful. It allows key rebinding. Some programs may have trouble running on this emulator due to so-called "EPSON protection" that prevents them from running on EPSON clones.
;[[DOSBox#DOSBox-X|DOSBox-X]]:A very active fork of DOSBox that, among other things, adds support for the PC-98 as a target system. While it's very easy to set up, its PC-98 system is not yet complete.
;[[MAME]]:It has drivers for various revisions but as of version 0.189, all of them are reported as <font color="darkred">Not Working</font>. Support for the first batch or so of PC-98 games have started to be added to MAME in [https://www.mamedev.org/?p=460 0.201] (Aug 2018).
;SL9821: Yet another PC-98 emulator that has quite high accuracy. Requires extra ROM files for BIOS and other subsystems (sound card, IDE controller, etc.) of the hardware. Floppy disks and HDD images have to be converted to either proprietary *.slf/*.slh files or *.bin raw images.
;ePC-9801: Emulator focusing on PC-9801 series. The only emulator that supports 1120x750 high-resolution mode presented in some models. Requires extra ROM files for BIOS and other subsystems (sound card, IDE controller, etc.) of the hardware. Emulation for each model is released as individual exes which are designed to emulate that specific model, which disallows adjusting options such as RAM size and mix-and-matching peripherals. Accuracy seems still a lot to be improved.
;QEMU/9821: A fork of [[QEMU]] that supports PC-9800 architecture. No longer maintained. Able to boot MS-DOS, Windows 98 and Windows 2000, but software compatibility is hit or miss.
;eMD-1: A commercial emulator which the purpose is to replace PC-98s used in industrial devices in order to keep them running long after the demise of PC-98 series. Not available for individuals and probably comes with an outrageous price.
;[[86Box]]: A x86 platform emulator that already has excellent compatibility with IBM PC software, which has plans to add support for PC-98 standard on the future [https://github.com/86Box/86Box/milestone/5 v5.0 update] (Issue #3525), that it could also make it the first Cycle-accurate emulator for this computer.

==Hardware features and peripherals==
''{{for|software that can run hardware features designed for x86 systems|PC Emulator Comparisons}}''
===Graphics===
''For more information about the graphics subsystem of PC-98, [http://radioc.web.fc2.com/column/pc98bas/pc98disphw_en.htm Reference to this documentation].''

Most of the games won't require graphics subsystems that are more advanced than EGC, and basically, all emulators have achieved full emulation of EGC, so whether an emulator could emulate more advanced graphic systems doesn't really bug. 

However, some games do make use of more advanced graphics subsystems, such as some AliceSoft's adult games which support 256 color mode of IO-DATA's GA-1024A, and games originating from IBM PC such as Doom, Warcraft: Orcs & Humans, etc. may make use of PEGC due to its similarities with VGA graphics.

Specifically, it's possible to install a totally out-of-spec graphic card, such as Nvidia GeForce FX 5700LE on later PC-98 models with PCI bus, but such scenarios are quite obscure and no emulators support such cases.

As workstations, PC-H98 series have a dedicated high resolution mode with 1120x750 resolution and 256 in 16 million colors palette. Games rarely use this mode, if at all.

The '''PC-FXGA''' (GA stands for '''G'''ame '''A'''ccelerator) was a series of computer boards and sports the same hardware as a regular [[PC-FX]] with the exception of an additional processor the '''HuC6273''' that can handle 3D graphics. PC-FXGA is used to play PC-FX games on [[NEC PC-9800 series|PC-9800]] series computer and IBM compatible computers but also makes possible for enthusiast to develop their own games.

Notice that an emulator supporting a graphic subsystem doesn't necessarily mean such an emulator is mature enough for programs that make use of it to work properly.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"|Name
! scope="col"|GRCG
! scope="col"|GRCG + PC-9801-24
! scope="col"|EGC
! scope="col"|PEGC
! scope="col"|GA (CL-GD54XX)
! scope="col"|HiRes
! scope="col"|PC-FX GA[https://emulation.gametechwiki.com/index.php/PC-FX_emulators#See_also]
|-
|Neko Project 21/W
|{{✗}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✓}}
|{{✓}}
|{{✓}}
|{{✗}}
|{{?}}
|-
|Neko Project II
|{{✓}}
|{{✓}}
|{{✓}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✗}}
|{{?}}
|-
|Anex86
|{{✗}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✓}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✗}}
|{{?}}
|-
|SL9821
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{✓}}
|{{✓}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✗}}
|{{?}}
|-
|DOSBox-X
|{{✓}}
|{{✓}}
|{{✓}}
|{{✓}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✗}}
|{{?}}
|-
|ePC-9801/E/U/VF
|{{✗}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✗}}
|{{?}}
|-
|ePC-9801VM/VX/RA
|{{✓}}
|{{?}}
|{{✓}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✗}}
|{{?}}
|-
|ePC-98XA/XL/RL
|{{✓}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✓}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✓}}
|{{?}}
|}

===Sounds===
Most of the DOS games make use PC-9801-26(K) which provides 3 channels of FM, 3 channels of PSG, or PC-9801-86 which provides 6 channels of FM, 3 channels of PSG, and PCM recording & playback. 

For Windows, PC-9801-118 provides support for both FM and PCM playback as a PnP & Windows Sound System compatible card, but not fully backward compatible with PC-9801-86 under MS-DOS. Q-Vision WaveStar is yet another PnP card for Windows but is fully backward compatible.

Alternatively, games originating from IBM PC such as Doom may have the option to make use of Sound Blaster 16.

Other sound options such as PC-9801-14 exist, but are not commonly used.

When it comes to MIDI, most of the emulators are capable of redirecting PC-98's MIDI output (MPU-PC98) to MIDI devices on the host computer, including the built-in GS Synthesizer in Windows. Dosbox-x also provides extra emulation for Roland MT-32.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"|Name
! scope="col"|26(K)
! scope="col"|86
! scope="col"|118
! scope="col"|SB16
! scope="col"|WaveStar
! scope="col"|14
! scope="col"|MIDI
|-
|Neko Project 21/W
|{{✓}}
|{{✓}}
|{{✓}}
|{{✓}}
|{{✓}}
|{{✓}}
|{{✓}}
|-
|Neko Project II
|{{✓}}
|{{✓}}
|{{✓}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✓}}
|{{✓}}
|-
|Anex86
|{{✓}}
|{{✓}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✓}}
|-
|SL9821
|{{✗}}
|{{✓}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✓}}
|-
|DOSBox-X
|{{✓}}
|{{✓}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✓}}
|{{✓}}
|-
|ePC-9801
|{{✓}}
|{{✓}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✗}}
|{{✓}}
|{{✗}}
|}

===Keyboard and mouse===
PC-98 keyboard layout presents keys that aren't available on IBM PC keyboards. Most of the emulators will map them to other keys on IBM PC keyboards, but only Anex86 and SL9821 support manually remapping these keys.

Just like IBM PC keyboards, the Later PC-98 keyboard also introduced Windows and Context keys alongside the introduction of Windows 95. Only Neko Project 21/W, and Dosbox-x support emulation of Windows and Context key.

There are also other keyboard layouts for PC-98, such as PC-9801-114 (for PC-PTOS), PC-9801-116 (IBM PC layout for PC-98), and PC-9801-98-S02 (for using with some kind of word processor). These keyboards are rarely supported even on actual PC-98 and no emulator supports emulating these layouts yet.

Most of the emulators are capable of emulating the mouse interface and mouse on PC-98.

Some late models of PC-98 come with USB keyboard and mouse (and surprisingly, they are still supported by modern versions of Windows), but no emulator supports emulation of USB bus yet.

===CD-ROM===
Neko Project 21/W, Neko Project II, SL9821, and Dosbox-x support emulation of CD-ROM drive attached to IDE bus. SL9821 also supports using a physical optical drive.

Just like IBM PCs, MSCDEX is required to access CD-ROM under MS-DOS.

===ROM-BASIC===
PC-98 series have N88-BASIC interpreter built into the system ROM, despite not many programs being written in BASIC or bare-metal assembly running under N88-BASIC. 

Neko Project 21/W, Neko Project II, SL9821, and ePC-9801 supports ROM-BASIC. Specifically, Neko Project 21/W and Neko Project II require an extra BIOS.rom file in order to enter ROM-BASIC.

Simply remove all HDD and FDDs then power on to enter ROM-BASIC.

===Networking===
Neko Project 21/W supports the emulation of the Buffalo LGY-98 LAN adapter. A TAP virtual network adapter driver is required to be installed on the host machine in order to connect the emulator to the host machine in host-only mode by default. Bridged and NAT-enabled Internet access is also available by setting up the TAP virtual network adapter on the host machine.

DOSBox-X's emulation of the Novell NE2000 adapter does not work under PC-98 mode<ref>https://github.com/joncampbell123/dosbox-x/blob/1652704994a74ac93582676a5c33248bad0c956f/src/hardware/ne2000.cpp#L1714</ref>.

===Cassette===
It's possible to add a cassette interface (PC-9801-13) to some early models of PC-98 and use it in ROM-BASIC, despite this cassette interface is rarely used.

Only ePC-9801 supports emulation of cassette interface.

==Usage==
:<small>''Note: This tutorial was adapted from [http://46okumen.com/pc-98-emulation/ this resource.]''</small>

The PC-9800 series of personal computers had floppy disk drives (FDD) and hard drives (HDD) which contained the actual games and software to be loaded. Besides the emulator, you'll need a set of floppy disk images (in the following formats: FDI, FDM, NFD, D88...) ''or'' a hard disk image (in the following formats: HDI, HDM, NHD...)

You'll need a font if you want text characters to display properly in most cases. Put it in the same directory as the emulator executable, and select it (on NP2: Emulate/Font, on Anex86: Config/Font).

You'll need to configure the emulator as well. In NP2's case, you want to go with the recommended configuration here:

* Emulate/Configure/CPU: Number of cores to something like 32.
* Emulate/Configure/Sound: Rate to 44k or 88k for better sound quality.
* Device/Memory: 13.6MB
* Screen/Screen Option: Check "Use skipline revisions", and change Ratio to 255. This gets rid of the existing scan line implementation, in case you want a better one with shaders from external programs. Keep in mind PC-98 games, more than any other system, are often graphically designed with scanlines in mind.

To play the games:
* If using a floppy disk based game: Plug the first disk (FDI) into '''FDD1''', and the second disk (FDI) into '''FDD2'''.
* If using a hard drive based game: Plug the hard drive (HDI) into '''Harddisk/IDE #0''' (if using Anex86, use the HDD1 and HDD2 fields and check the box '''HDD>FDD''').

Then hit Emulate/Reset, and most games automatically launch from there.

Neko Project II's controls are not remappable. They're 2, 4, 6, and 8 on the numpad, arrow keys, enter, space, ctrl, z, and x. For games using the mouse, hit F12 to enable or disable mouse input. Use programs like Joy2Key to rebind other keys.

==Hardware variations and spin-offs==
===APC-III===
The [https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=996 APC-III] is basically rebranded the original PC-9801, targeted at the western market. 

No emulator specifically emulates this model, and it's unknown whether APC-III software could be run on regular PC-98 hardware, or otherwise.

===PC-9801FC===
A PC-9801F with Chinese character ROM replaced its Japanese Kanji ROM and addressed in a different scheme, targeted at the Chinese market.

Despite no emulators specifically emulating this model, PC-9801FC software could run on regular PC-98, hence it's possible to run them with regular PC-98 emulators, but all non-ASCII text strings will become gibberish as their character ROMs are encoded in different schemes unless feeding in the character ROM of PC-9801FC either as ROM file or character mapping image into the emulator, which is not yet in public.

===PC-9801LT===
NEC's first attempt at mobilizing PC-98 which is not so successful, ended up with a machine with 3.8kg of weight and not fully compatible with the regular PC-98 series.

Only MAME and ePC-98LT provide emulation of this model and both are in preliminary stages.

===PC-98HA (Handy98)===
A handheld-sized PC-98, which is still not fully compatible with the regular PC-98 series as it's more similar to PC-9801LT in architecture.

Only MAME and eHANDY98 provide emulation of this model and both are in preliminary stages.

===N5200===
Despite N5200 being a different series of computers of NEC in the beginning, later N5200 models are just Hyper98 computer hardware with different BIOS.

Only eN5200 provides the emulation of this model, while this emulator is in the very early stages and seems no longer active.

===iNHERITOR II-A===
iNHERITOR II-A is an emulation box manufactured by ZUKEN ELMIC, which the purpose is to replace PC-98s used in industrial devices in order to keep them running long after the demise of PC-98 series.

iNHERITOR II-A is an IBM PC powered by Intel Core i7 processor, running Windows Embedded 2009 and a customized PC-98 emulator (which seems to be a fork of Neko Project II judging from its menu bar), and equipped with a special PCI card and C-bus breakout board that could redirect actual PC-98 floppy drive, serial port and C-bus devices to the emulator, which makes it possible to control industrial devices relying on PC-98 via IBM PCs.

There is little to no information about the technical details of its customized PC-98 emulator and related hardware.

==Resources==
* [http://fullmotionvideo.free.fr/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=954 Overview of PC-98 emulators]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pOYh92usnhk Policenauts running under SL9821]
==References==

[[Category:Computers]]
[[Category:NEC computers]]
[[Category:x86-based|!]]