Difference between revisions of "Desk-size computers / Supercomputers / Mainframes"
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− | + | ==Terminology== | |
+ | '''Desk-size Computers''', as a slang of '''MiniComputers''' due to their size and usual appearance, are a type of smaller general-purpose computer with size, price, and extensibility less than a mainframe computer, but still higher than microcomputers, later commonly known as personal computers (PCs). Usage and demands of minicomputers have greatly shrunk and are being taken over by PC-based server clusters over the years, but some of them are still serving irreplaceable roles for their high reliability and extensibility. | ||
+ | '''Supercomputers''' are computers specifically built for high-performance mathematical/scientific calculation with a high level of performance as compared to a general-purpose computer. | ||
+ | |||
+ | '''Mainframes''' are high-performance computers with large amounts of memory and data processors that process billions of simple calculations and transactions in real-time. A mainframe computer is critical to commercial databases, transaction servers, and applications that require high resiliency, security, and agility. Like minicomputers, usage and demands have greatly shrunk and are being taken over by PC-based server clusters over the years, but some of them are still serving irreplaceable roles for their high reliability, extensibility, and less hassle for handling distributed computing in clusters. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Notice that the identification and distinction between PC-based clusters/servers, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers aren't based on size, performance, or price, but system architecture, extensibility, and reliability; As integrated circuit technology evolves, a mainframe could be the size of a minicomputer (e.g. IBM System 390 Integrated Server 3006), a minicomputer could be a size of a relatively big personal computer/PC based server (e.g. IBM i5 515), while a regular laptop PC could achieve the performance of multi-million dollar mainframe in 1980s just by emulating it. | ||
+ | <div style="overflow-x:auto;width:100%"> | ||
+ | {|class="wikitable" style="width:100%" | ||
+ | |+ Comparison | ||
+ | ! Category | ||
+ | ! Mainframe | ||
+ | ! Minicomputer | ||
+ | ! PC | ||
+ | ! PC-based cluster | ||
+ | ! Supercomputer | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |System Architecture | ||
+ | |Large scaled, sophisticated, self-contained devices interconnected with a proprietary bus | ||
+ | |Between PC and mainframe, some devices are self-contained and directly interconnected while others rely on the central processor and system bus | ||
+ | |Most to all components rely on the motherboard, central processor, power supply, and system bus | ||
+ | |Large amounts of self-contained PCs interconnected with Ethernet or other networking standards e.g. InfiniBand | ||
+ | |Large amounts of computation nodes interconnected with a proprietary bus, while each node may or may not be self-contained | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Statistic Reliability | ||
+ | |Exceeding 99.99999% uptime per year; individual components failing won't cause performance or capacity issues | ||
+ | |99.999% to 99.9999% uptime per year; individual components failing may cripple performance or capacity, but won't affect current tasks (unless some critical components) | ||
+ | |Poorly built ones could run into trouble every few hours under a high burden; unplanned downtime of proper prebuilt servers is around a few minutes to 1 hour per month; individual components failing always break all current tasks | ||
+ | |Varies (usually less than 99.9999% per year) depending on SLAs and configuration; each node follows the failure model of regular PC-based servers; nodes failing may cripple performance or capacity, but won't affect current tasks | ||
+ | |Not a priority, some supercomputers even run periodically every day; nodes failing may cripple performance or capacity, and may break current tasks | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Servicability | ||
+ | |Most of the components and devices including critical ones are hot swappable without prerequisites; swapping components and devices won't interrupt current tasks | ||
+ | |Critical components are hot swappable after a proper stopping procedure, while peripherals may be hot swappable without prerequisites; swapping components and devices may interrupt current tasks | ||
+ | |Some peripherals are hot swappable after a proper stopping procedure, while critical components aren't; swapping components almost always interrupts current tasks | ||
+ | |Nodes are hot swappable with or without a proper stopping procedure, while components of each node follow regular PCs; swapping nodes won't interrupt current tasks | ||
+ | |Nodes are hot swappable with or without a proper stopping procedure, while components inside nodes may not even be serviceable depending on the actual design; swapping nodes may interrupt current tasks | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Redundancy | ||
+ | |Multiple redundancy and backup at components and devices level; device-as-a-whole level redundancy is optional and seldom used | ||
+ | |Redundancy at components and devices level; device-as-a-whole level redundancy is optional and sometimes used | ||
+ | |Data and power redundancy could be achieved by practices and external devices like RAID, ECC RAM, UPS etc., otherwise no. Device-as-a-whole level redundancy is always used if better reliability needed | ||
+ | |Redundancy relying on large amounts of nodes, each node itself is not redundant; Software has to be programmed in a way to handle tasking reordering and data consistency in case of node failing | ||
+ | |Not a priority; nodes aren't redundant and software seldom considers node failing as tasks are usually parallel to make use of peak performance | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Extensibility | ||
+ | |Highly customizable and capable as each device is self-contained | ||
+ | |Highly customizable and capable but more restrictions | ||
+ | |Restricted; All components relying on the central processor, power supply, and system bus; direct communication between peripherals are usually not possible | ||
+ | |Extension of scale relies on adding nodes | ||
+ | |Extension of scale relies on adding nodes | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Compatibility | ||
+ | |Highly concerned; OS is running on top of HAL/LIC so changes of system architecture won't affect OS; OS is designed to be always API/ABI stable | ||
+ | |Highly concerned; OS is running on top of HAL/LIC so changes of system architecture won't affect OS; OS is designed to be always API/ABI stable | ||
+ | |Concerned but based on system architecture (PC/AT & x86) not changing much over the years; OS are architecture and hardware dependent and aren't always designed to be API/ABI stable | ||
+ | |Same as PC; programs have to be reworked if not designed with distributed computing in mind | ||
+ | |Least concerned; programs are usually specifically built for specific supercomputer; sometimes supercomputers are even built for a specific task (e.g. Anton series) | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==List of Desk-size computers / Supercomputers / Mainframes== | ||
+ | <div style="max-width:100%; overflow:auto;"> | ||
{|class="wikitable sortable" | {|class="wikitable sortable" | ||
− | |+ Desk- | + | |+ Desk-size computers / Supercomputers / Mainframes |
− | |||
! Model | ! Model | ||
! Year | ! Year | ||
! [[MAME]] support | ! [[MAME]] support | ||
! ROMs | ! ROMs | ||
− | ! Other | + | ! Description / Emulators / Other |
|- id="A" | |- id="A" | ||
| colspan="5" style="background: #ECECEC;"| '''A''' <small>{{IndexComp}}</small> | | colspan="5" style="background: #ECECEC;"| '''A''' <small>{{IndexComp}}</small> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Analytical Engine by Charles Babbage | ||
+ | |1837 | ||
+ | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |[https://www.fourmilab.ch/babbage/contents.html Simulator], [[wikipedia:Analytical_Engine|Wikipedia]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Analytical Engine by Percy Ludgate | ||
+ | |1909 | ||
+ | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |[[wikipedia:Percy_Ludgate#Work_on_analytical_engine|Wikipedia]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Apollo Guidance Computer | |Apollo Guidance Computer | ||
|1966 | |1966 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[http://www.ibiblio.org/apollo Virtual AGC], [https://svtsim.com/moonjs/agc.html Moonjs] | |[http://www.ibiblio.org/apollo Virtual AGC], [https://svtsim.com/moonjs/agc.html Moonjs] | ||
Line 26: | Line 99: | ||
|Atomic Energy Authority Witch | |Atomic Energy Authority Witch | ||
|1948 | |1948 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=1235 Old Computers] | |[https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=1235 Old Computers] | ||
Line 34: | Line 107: | ||
|BBN Butterfly | |BBN Butterfly | ||
|~ 1980s | |~ 1980s | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 40: | Line 113: | ||
|Bell Labs Model V | |Bell Labs Model V | ||
|1946 | |1946 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 46: | Line 119: | ||
|Bombe | |Bombe | ||
|1940 | |1940 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[[wikipedia:Bombe|Wikipedia]] | |[[wikipedia:Bombe|Wikipedia]] | ||
Line 52: | Line 125: | ||
|Bendix G-15 | |Bendix G-15 | ||
|1956 | |1956 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 58: | Line 131: | ||
|Bull Gamma Tambour | |Bull Gamma Tambour | ||
|1955 | |1955 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[http://vincent.joguin.com/ Gamma EmulaTion] | |[http://vincent.joguin.com/ Gamma EmulaTion] | ||
Line 64: | Line 137: | ||
|Buromaschinenwerke Zella-Mehlis Cellatron 8205 | |Buromaschinenwerke Zella-Mehlis Cellatron 8205 | ||
|1963 | |1963 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=1028 Old Computers] | |[https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=1028 Old Computers] | ||
Line 72: | Line 145: | ||
|CDC 160 Series | |CDC 160 Series | ||
|1960 | |1960 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 78: | Line 151: | ||
|CDC 1604 | |CDC 1604 | ||
|1960 | |1960 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 84: | Line 157: | ||
|CDC 3000 Series | |CDC 3000 Series | ||
|1963 | |1963 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 90: | Line 163: | ||
|CDC 6000 Series | |CDC 6000 Series | ||
|1964 | |1964 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 96: | Line 169: | ||
|CDC 7600 | |CDC 7600 | ||
|1967 | |1967 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 102: | Line 175: | ||
|CDC Cyber | |CDC Cyber | ||
|1984 | |1984 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 108: | Line 181: | ||
|CDC Star-100 | |CDC Star-100 | ||
|1974 | |1974 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 114: | Line 187: | ||
|Compumedic Analog Computer | |Compumedic Analog Computer | ||
|1971 | |1971 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=1107 Old Computers] | |[https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=1107 Old Computers] | ||
Line 120: | Line 193: | ||
|Convex C3800 | |Convex C3800 | ||
|1991 | |1991 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=983 Old Computers] | |[https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=983 Old Computers] | ||
Line 126: | Line 199: | ||
|Cray Research C90 | |Cray Research C90 | ||
|1991 | |1991 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 132: | Line 205: | ||
|Cray Research Cray-1 | |Cray Research Cray-1 | ||
|1975 | |1975 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 138: | Line 211: | ||
|Cray Research Cray-2 | |Cray Research Cray-2 | ||
|1985 | |1985 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 144: | Line 217: | ||
|Cray Research EL90 | |Cray Research EL90 | ||
|1993 | |1993 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 150: | Line 223: | ||
|Cray Research J90 | |Cray Research J90 | ||
|1994 | |1994 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 156: | Line 229: | ||
|Cray Research T3D | |Cray Research T3D | ||
|1993 | |1993 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=991 Old Computers] | |[https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=991 Old Computers] | ||
Line 162: | Line 235: | ||
|Cray Research T90 | |Cray Research T90 | ||
|1995 | |1995 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 168: | Line 241: | ||
|Cray Research X-MP | |Cray Research X-MP | ||
|1982 | |1982 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
− | |||
| | | | ||
+ | |[https://github.com/andrastantos/cray-sim cray-sim] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Cray Research XMS | |Cray Research XMS | ||
|1990 | |1990 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 180: | Line 253: | ||
|Cray Research Y-MP | |Cray Research Y-MP | ||
|1988 (Y-MP)<br />1992 (Y-MP EL) | |1988 (Y-MP)<br />1992 (Y-MP EL) | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
− | |||
| | | | ||
+ | |[https://github.com/andrastantos/cray-sim cray-sim] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Csiro Csirac | |Csiro Csirac | ||
|1949 | |1949 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[https://cis.unimelb.edu.au/about/csirac/emulator CSIRAC Emulator] | |[https://cis.unimelb.edu.au/about/csirac/emulator CSIRAC Emulator] | ||
Line 194: | Line 267: | ||
|Data General Nova | |Data General Nova | ||
|1969 | |1969 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[http://www.simulogics.com/novajs/index.php Novas Are Forever], [https://github.com/SMerrony/DasherG DasherG] | |[http://www.simulogics.com/novajs/index.php Novas Are Forever], [https://github.com/SMerrony/DasherG DasherG] | ||
Line 200: | Line 273: | ||
|Data General Eclipse | |Data General Eclipse | ||
|1974 | |1974 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[http://www.simulogics.com/novajs/index.php Novas Are Forever], [https://github.com/SMerrony/mvemg mvemg] | |[http://www.simulogics.com/novajs/index.php Novas Are Forever], [https://github.com/SMerrony/mvemg mvemg] | ||
Line 206: | Line 279: | ||
|Datatron 205 | |Datatron 205 | ||
|1954 | |1954 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[https://github.com/pkimpel/retro-205 Retro 205] | |[https://github.com/pkimpel/retro-205 Retro 205] | ||
Line 218: | Line 291: | ||
|DEC PDP-8 | |DEC PDP-8 | ||
|1965 | |1965 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=780 Old Computers] | |[https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=780 Old Computers] | ||
Line 238: | Line 311: | ||
|EDSAC | |EDSAC | ||
|1947 | |1947 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[https://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~edsac Simulator], [http://www.tnmoc.org/special-projects/edsac Edsac Replica Project] | |[https://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~edsac Simulator], [http://www.tnmoc.org/special-projects/edsac Edsac Replica Project] | ||
Line 244: | Line 317: | ||
|Elliot 803 / Elliot 903B | |Elliot 803 / Elliot 903B | ||
|1961 | |1961 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[https://www.peteronion.org.uk/Elliott Peter Onion], [https://github.com/hxw/Elliott-803 hxw's repository], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/elliott803 Simulation] | |[https://www.peteronion.org.uk/Elliott Peter Onion], [https://github.com/hxw/Elliott-803 hxw's repository], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/elliott803 Simulation] | ||
Line 250: | Line 323: | ||
|English Electric Deuce | |English Electric Deuce | ||
|1955 | |1955 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 256: | Line 329: | ||
|Evans & Sutherland ES-1 | |Evans & Sutherland ES-1 | ||
|1986 | |1986 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
+ | | | ||
| | | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Evans & Sutherland ESIG-2000 | ||
+ | |1991 | ||
+ | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None | ||
| | | | ||
+ | |Developed by Evans & Sutherland, the ESIG-2000 was designed for<br/>simulations and high-end 3D Graphics<ref>http://web.archive.org/web/20061016053204/http://vr-atlantis.com/vr_systems_guide/15.html</ref> | ||
|- id="F" | |- id="F" | ||
| colspan="5" style="background: #ECECEC;"| '''F''' <small>{{IndexComp}}</small> | | colspan="5" style="background: #ECECEC;"| '''F''' <small>{{IndexComp}}</small> | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Ferranti-Packard 6000 | |Ferranti-Packard 6000 | ||
|1962 | |1962 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 276: | Line 349: | ||
|Ferranti Atlas | |Ferranti Atlas | ||
|1962 | |1962 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 282: | Line 355: | ||
|Ferranti Mark 1 | |Ferranti Mark 1 | ||
|1951 | |1951 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 288: | Line 361: | ||
|Ferranti Pegasus 1 / 2 | |Ferranti Pegasus 1 / 2 | ||
|1956 to 1959 | |1956 to 1959 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[https://www.computerconservationsociety.org/software/pegasus/base.htm PegEm] | |[https://www.computerconservationsociety.org/software/pegasus/base.htm PegEm] | ||
Line 294: | Line 367: | ||
|Ferranti Titan | |Ferranti Titan | ||
|1964 | |1964 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Fujitsu Facom M series | ||
+ | |1974 | ||
+ | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |[https://www.fujitsu.com/jp/products/computing/servers/mainframe/gs21/solution/7-pxm/ OSIV/XSP Enabling Kit for PRIMEQUEST PC-Based Server] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Fujitsu Facom VP series | |Fujitsu Facom VP series | ||
|1982 | |1982 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 305: | Line 384: | ||
|Fujitsu Numerical Wind Tunnel | |Fujitsu Numerical Wind Tunnel | ||
|1993 | |1993 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 311: | Line 390: | ||
|Fujitsu VP2000 series | |Fujitsu VP2000 series | ||
|1990 | |1990 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 319: | Line 398: | ||
|General Electric GE-200 series | |General Electric GE-200 series | ||
|1961 (GE-225)<br />1963 (GE-215)<br />1964 (GE-205)<br />1964 (GE-235) | |1961 (GE-225)<br />1963 (GE-215)<br />1964 (GE-205)<br />1964 (GE-235) | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 325: | Line 404: | ||
|General Electric GE-600 series | |General Electric GE-600 series | ||
|1963 | |1963 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 331: | Line 410: | ||
|Goodyear MPP | |Goodyear MPP | ||
|1983 | |1983 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |GRI Corporation GRI-909 / GRI-99 | ||
+ | |1969 | ||
+ | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |[http://simh.trailing-edge.com SIMH] | ||
|- id="H" | |- id="H" | ||
| colspan="5" style="background: #ECECEC;"| '''H''' <small>{{IndexComp}}</small> | | colspan="5" style="background: #ECECEC;"| '''H''' <small>{{IndexComp}}</small> | ||
Line 339: | Line 424: | ||
|Heathkit EC-1 | |Heathkit EC-1 | ||
|1960 | |1960 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=787 Old Computers] | |[https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=787 Old Computers] | ||
Line 345: | Line 430: | ||
|Honeywell 116 / 316 / 416 / 516 | |Honeywell 116 / 316 / 416 / 516 | ||
|1965 to 1969 | |1965 to 1969 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[http://simh.trailing-edge.com SIMH] | |[http://simh.trailing-edge.com SIMH] | ||
Line 359: | Line 444: | ||
|IBM 650 | |IBM 650 | ||
|1954 | |1954 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[[wikipedia:IBM_650|Wikipedia]]<br/>[https://github.com/snick-a-doo/IBM650 IBM650] | |[[wikipedia:IBM_650|Wikipedia]]<br/>[https://github.com/snick-a-doo/IBM650 IBM650] | ||
Line 365: | Line 450: | ||
|IBM 701 | |IBM 701 | ||
|1952 | |1952 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[[wikipedia:IBM_701|Wikipedia]]<br/>[https://basepath.com/new/701/ IBM 701 Emulator] | |[[wikipedia:IBM_701|Wikipedia]]<br/>[https://basepath.com/new/701/ IBM 701 Emulator] | ||
Line 371: | Line 456: | ||
|IBM 702 | |IBM 702 | ||
|1955 | |1955 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[[wikipedia:IBM_702|Wikipedia]] | |[[wikipedia:IBM_702|Wikipedia]] | ||
Line 377: | Line 462: | ||
|IBM 704 | |IBM 704 | ||
|1954 | |1954 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[[wikipedia:IBM_704|Wikipedia]]<br/>[https://github.com/rhobbie/Sim704 Sim704] | |[[wikipedia:IBM_704|Wikipedia]]<br/>[https://github.com/rhobbie/Sim704 Sim704] | ||
Line 384: | Line 469: | ||
|1959 (1401 / 1620 / 7090) | |1959 (1401 / 1620 / 7090) | ||
1965 (1130) | 1965 (1130) | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[https://www.curiousmarc.com/computing/ibm-1401-mainframe/ibm-1401-programming IBM 1401 Programming] [http://simh.trailing-edge.com/ SIMH] [https://github.com/moshix/IBM1401 IBM1401] | |[https://www.curiousmarc.com/computing/ibm-1401-mainframe/ibm-1401-programming IBM 1401 Programming] [http://simh.trailing-edge.com/ SIMH] [https://github.com/moshix/IBM1401 IBM1401] | ||
Line 390: | Line 475: | ||
|IBM AN/FSQ-7 | |IBM AN/FSQ-7 | ||
|1958 | |1958 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=1050 Old Computers] | |[https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=1050 Old Computers] | ||
Line 396: | Line 481: | ||
|IBM ASCI White | |IBM ASCI White | ||
|2000 | |2000 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 402: | Line 487: | ||
|IBM Harvard Mark I | |IBM Harvard Mark I | ||
|1944 | |1944 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=980&st=1 Old Computers] | |[https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=980&st=1 Old Computers] | ||
Line 408: | Line 493: | ||
|IBM NORC | |IBM NORC | ||
|1954 | |1954 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[[wikipedia:IBM_Naval_Ordnance_Research_Calculator|Wikipedia]] | |[[wikipedia:IBM_Naval_Ordnance_Research_Calculator|Wikipedia]] | ||
Line 414: | Line 499: | ||
|IBM SSEC | |IBM SSEC | ||
|1948 | |1948 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[[wikipedia:IBM_SSEC|Wikipedia]] | |[[wikipedia:IBM_SSEC|Wikipedia]] | ||
Line 420: | Line 505: | ||
|IBM System/3 | |IBM System/3 | ||
|1969 | |1969 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=980&st=1 Old Computers] [http://simh.trailing-edge.com/ SIMH] | |[https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=980&st=1 Old Computers] [http://simh.trailing-edge.com/ SIMH] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |IBM System/36 | ||
+ | |1983 | ||
+ | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |[https://wiki.midrange.com/index.php/System/36#Why_People_Didn.27t_Migrate Open/36 - probably lost in history]</br>[https://wiki.midrange.com/index.php/System/36#Why_People_Didn.27t_Migrate Infinite36] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|IBM System370 / ESA390 | |IBM System370 / ESA390 | ||
|1970 | |1970 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
+ | | | ||
+ | | [http://www.hercules-390.org/ Hercules] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |IBM z Systems | ||
+ | |2000 | ||
+ | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | [https://www.ibm.com/products/z-development-test-environment IBM Z Development and Test Environment]<br/>[http://www.hercules-390.org/ Hercules] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |IBM AS/400 / System i | ||
+ | |1988 | ||
+ | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |[https://web.archive.org/web/20001203025600/http://calsw.com/calsw/baby400.html BABY AS/2000 - probably lost in history]<br/>[https://infinitecorporation.com/infinite-i Infinite i] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |IBM RS/6000 / System p | ||
+ | |1990 | ||
+ | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None | ||
+ | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|ICL 2900 Series | |ICL 2900 Series | ||
|1974 | |1974 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 437: | Line 547: | ||
|ICL Series 39 | |ICL Series 39 | ||
|1985 | |1985 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 443: | Line 553: | ||
|Intel ASCI Red | |Intel ASCI Red | ||
|1997 | |1997 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 449: | Line 559: | ||
|Intel iPSC Series | |Intel iPSC Series | ||
|1985 | |1985 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 455: | Line 565: | ||
|Intel Paragon | |Intel Paragon | ||
|1992 | |1992 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 461: | Line 571: | ||
|Interdata (Perkin-Elmer) 16 & 32 bits Systems | |Interdata (Perkin-Elmer) 16 & 32 bits Systems | ||
|1973 | |1973 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[http://simh.trailing-edge.com/ SIMH] | |[http://simh.trailing-edge.com/ SIMH] | ||
|- id="L" | |- id="L" | ||
| colspan="5" style="background: #ECECEC;"| '''L''' <small>{{IndexComp}}</small> | | colspan="5" style="background: #ECECEC;"| '''L''' <small>{{IndexComp}}</small> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Librascope AN/ASN-24 | ||
+ | |1958 | ||
+ | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Librascope L2010 | ||
+ | |1962 | ||
+ | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Librascope LGP-21 | |Librascope LGP-21 | ||
− | | | + | |1962 |
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 475: | Line 597: | ||
|Librascope LGP-30 | |Librascope LGP-30 | ||
|1956 | |1956 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 481: | Line 603: | ||
|Librascope LGP-4000 | |Librascope LGP-4000 | ||
|1960 | |1960 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 487: | Line 609: | ||
|Lucasfilm EditDroid | |Lucasfilm EditDroid | ||
|1984 | |1984 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 493: | Line 615: | ||
|Lund University Smil | |Lund University Smil | ||
|1956 | |1956 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[[wikipedia:SMIL_(computer)|Wikipedia]]<br/>[https://www.smilemu.org/ SMILemu] | |[[wikipedia:SMIL_(computer)|Wikipedia]]<br/>[https://www.smilemu.org/ SMILemu] | ||
Line 501: | Line 623: | ||
|Manchester Atlas | |Manchester Atlas | ||
|1962 | |1962 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[[wikipedia:Atlas_(computer)|Wikipedia]] | |[[wikipedia:Atlas_(computer)|Wikipedia]] | ||
Line 507: | Line 629: | ||
|Manchester ENIAC | |Manchester ENIAC | ||
|1945 | |1945 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 513: | Line 635: | ||
|Manchester Mark I | |Manchester Mark I | ||
|1949 | |1949 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 525: | Line 647: | ||
|Maspar MP-1 | |Maspar MP-1 | ||
|1990 | |1990 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 531: | Line 653: | ||
|Maspar MP-2 | |Maspar MP-2 | ||
|1992 | |1992 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 537: | Line 659: | ||
|Meiko Computing Surface | |Meiko Computing Surface | ||
|1986 | |1986 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 543: | Line 665: | ||
|Meiko CS-2 | |Meiko CS-2 | ||
|1993 | |1993 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 549: | Line 671: | ||
|MIT Whirlwind | |MIT Whirlwind | ||
|1951 | |1951 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=1047 Old Computers] | |[https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=1047 Old Computers] | ||
Line 555: | Line 677: | ||
|MMN Bark | |MMN Bark | ||
|1950 | |1950 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[[wikipedia:BARK_(computer)|Wikipedia]] | |[[wikipedia:BARK_(computer)|Wikipedia]] | ||
Line 561: | Line 683: | ||
|MMN Besk | |MMN Besk | ||
|1953 | |1953 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[[wikipedia:BESK|Wikipedia]] | |[[wikipedia:BESK|Wikipedia]] | ||
Line 570: | Line 692: | ||
|NBS Seac | |NBS Seac | ||
|1950 | |1950 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 576: | Line 698: | ||
|NCR Century 8250 | |NCR Century 8250 | ||
|~ 1970s | |~ 1970s | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 582: | Line 704: | ||
|nCUBE 2 | |nCUBE 2 | ||
|1990 | |1990 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 588: | Line 710: | ||
|nCUBE/ten | |nCUBE/ten | ||
|1985 | |1985 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
+ | | | ||
| | | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |NEC System 3100 Series | ||
+ | |1990 | ||
+ | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None | ||
| | | | ||
+ | |[https://www.nec-solutioninnovators.co.jp/sl/avx/ A-VX01 Operating System for Windows (as compatibility layer)]<br/>[https://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/office/0055.html IPSJ Museum] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|NEC Earth Simulator | |NEC Earth Simulator | ||
|2002 | |2002 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 600: | Line 728: | ||
|NEC SX series | |NEC SX series | ||
|1985 | |1985 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 608: | Line 736: | ||
|Philips P/330 | |Philips P/330 | ||
|1978 | |1978 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=354 Old Computers] | |[https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=354 Old Computers] | ||
Line 614: | Line 742: | ||
|[[PLATO Computer System|PLATO]] (computer system) | |[[PLATO Computer System|PLATO]] (computer system) | ||
|1960 | |1960 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 622: | Line 750: | ||
|Royal-Mcbee LGP-30 / LGP-21 | |Royal-Mcbee LGP-30 / LGP-21 | ||
|1956 | |1956 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 630: | Line 758: | ||
|Scientific Data Systems SDS 940 | |Scientific Data Systems SDS 940 | ||
|1966 | |1966 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[http://simh.trailing-edge.com/ SIMH] | |[http://simh.trailing-edge.com/ SIMH] | ||
Line 636: | Line 764: | ||
|Setun Ternary Computer | |Setun Ternary Computer | ||
|1958 | |1958 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |SGI Altix 3000 Series | + | |[[POS_(Pong_Consoles)_CPUs_and_Other_Chips#Intel_CPU.27s| SGI Altix 3000 Series]] |
|2003 | |2003 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
+ | | | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |SGI Origin 3000 | ||
+ | |2000 | ||
+ | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 648: | Line 782: | ||
|Stantec Zebra | |Stantec Zebra | ||
|1958 | |1958 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[http://sw.ccs.bcs.org/CCs/simulate.htm ZEBRA emulator] | |[http://sw.ccs.bcs.org/CCs/simulate.htm ZEBRA emulator] | ||
Line 654: | Line 788: | ||
|Strela (ЭВМ Стрела) | |Strela (ЭВМ Стрела) | ||
|1953 | |1953 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 660: | Line 794: | ||
|SWTPc S-Plus | |SWTPc S-Plus | ||
|1982 | |1982 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 668: | Line 802: | ||
|Thinking Machines CM series | |Thinking Machines CM series | ||
|1987 | |1987 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 674: | Line 808: | ||
|Triumph Adler TA-1000 | |Triumph Adler TA-1000 | ||
|1973 | |1973 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=1278 Old Computers] | |[https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=1278 Old Computers] | ||
Line 680: | Line 814: | ||
|Turing Machine | |Turing Machine | ||
|1936 | |1936 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[http://morphett.info/turing/ Simulator] | |[http://morphett.info/turing/ Simulator] | ||
Line 688: | Line 822: | ||
|Univac Larc | |Univac Larc | ||
|1960 | |1960 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 694: | Line 828: | ||
|University of Cambridge Edsac | |University of Cambridge Edsac | ||
|1947 | |1947 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[https://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~edsac Simulator], [http://www.tnmoc.org/special-projects/edsac Edsac Replica Project] | |[https://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~edsac Simulator], [http://www.tnmoc.org/special-projects/edsac Edsac Replica Project] | ||
Line 700: | Line 834: | ||
|University of Illinois ILLIAC I | |University of Illinois ILLIAC I | ||
|1952 | |1952 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 708: | Line 842: | ||
|Xerox Sigma 9 | |Xerox Sigma 9 | ||
|1971 | |1971 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[https://www.livingcomputers.org/Computer-Collection/Vintage-Computers/Mainframes/Xerox-Sigma-9.aspx Living Computers] | |[https://www.livingcomputers.org/Computer-Collection/Vintage-Computers/Mainframes/Xerox-Sigma-9.aspx Living Computers] | ||
Line 716: | Line 850: | ||
|Zuse Z1 | |Zuse Z1 | ||
|1938 | |1938 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[[wikipedia:Z1_(computer)|Wikipedia]] | |[[wikipedia:Z1_(computer)|Wikipedia]] | ||
Line 722: | Line 856: | ||
|Zuse Z2 | |Zuse Z2 | ||
|1940 | |1940 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 728: | Line 862: | ||
|Zuse Z3 | |Zuse Z3 | ||
|1941 | |1941 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[[wikipedia:Z3_(computer)|Wikipedia]] | |[[wikipedia:Z3_(computer)|Wikipedia]] | ||
Line 734: | Line 868: | ||
|Zuse Z4 | |Zuse Z4 | ||
|1945 | |1945 | ||
− | | style="background: | + | | style="background: Gainsboro;"| None |
| | | | ||
|[[wikipedia:Z4_(computer)|Wikipedia]] | |[[wikipedia:Z4_(computer)|Wikipedia]] | ||
|} | |} | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | ==References== | ||
+ | <references/> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Also See== | ||
+ | * [[Android emulators|Android]] / [[iOS emulators|iOS]] - This list dose not include devices that use the iOS or Android, for those, go to their respective pages. | ||
+ | * [[List of computers|Laptops / Luggables / Subnotebooks / Workstations / Desktops]] - Some of these classes of computers have been a standard since the late 60s. | ||
+ | * [[Miscellaneous Computers]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | {{NEL}} | ||
+ | [[Category:Computers|*]] | ||
+ | [[Category:Various Emulation]] |
Revision as of 03:00, 22 March 2024
Contents
Terminology
Desk-size Computers, as a slang of MiniComputers due to their size and usual appearance, are a type of smaller general-purpose computer with size, price, and extensibility less than a mainframe computer, but still higher than microcomputers, later commonly known as personal computers (PCs). Usage and demands of minicomputers have greatly shrunk and are being taken over by PC-based server clusters over the years, but some of them are still serving irreplaceable roles for their high reliability and extensibility.
Supercomputers are computers specifically built for high-performance mathematical/scientific calculation with a high level of performance as compared to a general-purpose computer.
Mainframes are high-performance computers with large amounts of memory and data processors that process billions of simple calculations and transactions in real-time. A mainframe computer is critical to commercial databases, transaction servers, and applications that require high resiliency, security, and agility. Like minicomputers, usage and demands have greatly shrunk and are being taken over by PC-based server clusters over the years, but some of them are still serving irreplaceable roles for their high reliability, extensibility, and less hassle for handling distributed computing in clusters.
Notice that the identification and distinction between PC-based clusters/servers, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers aren't based on size, performance, or price, but system architecture, extensibility, and reliability; As integrated circuit technology evolves, a mainframe could be the size of a minicomputer (e.g. IBM System 390 Integrated Server 3006), a minicomputer could be a size of a relatively big personal computer/PC based server (e.g. IBM i5 515), while a regular laptop PC could achieve the performance of multi-million dollar mainframe in 1980s just by emulating it.
Category | Mainframe | Minicomputer | PC | PC-based cluster | Supercomputer |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
System Architecture | Large scaled, sophisticated, self-contained devices interconnected with a proprietary bus | Between PC and mainframe, some devices are self-contained and directly interconnected while others rely on the central processor and system bus | Most to all components rely on the motherboard, central processor, power supply, and system bus | Large amounts of self-contained PCs interconnected with Ethernet or other networking standards e.g. InfiniBand | Large amounts of computation nodes interconnected with a proprietary bus, while each node may or may not be self-contained |
Statistic Reliability | Exceeding 99.99999% uptime per year; individual components failing won't cause performance or capacity issues | 99.999% to 99.9999% uptime per year; individual components failing may cripple performance or capacity, but won't affect current tasks (unless some critical components) | Poorly built ones could run into trouble every few hours under a high burden; unplanned downtime of proper prebuilt servers is around a few minutes to 1 hour per month; individual components failing always break all current tasks | Varies (usually less than 99.9999% per year) depending on SLAs and configuration; each node follows the failure model of regular PC-based servers; nodes failing may cripple performance or capacity, but won't affect current tasks | Not a priority, some supercomputers even run periodically every day; nodes failing may cripple performance or capacity, and may break current tasks |
Servicability | Most of the components and devices including critical ones are hot swappable without prerequisites; swapping components and devices won't interrupt current tasks | Critical components are hot swappable after a proper stopping procedure, while peripherals may be hot swappable without prerequisites; swapping components and devices may interrupt current tasks | Some peripherals are hot swappable after a proper stopping procedure, while critical components aren't; swapping components almost always interrupts current tasks | Nodes are hot swappable with or without a proper stopping procedure, while components of each node follow regular PCs; swapping nodes won't interrupt current tasks | Nodes are hot swappable with or without a proper stopping procedure, while components inside nodes may not even be serviceable depending on the actual design; swapping nodes may interrupt current tasks |
Redundancy | Multiple redundancy and backup at components and devices level; device-as-a-whole level redundancy is optional and seldom used | Redundancy at components and devices level; device-as-a-whole level redundancy is optional and sometimes used | Data and power redundancy could be achieved by practices and external devices like RAID, ECC RAM, UPS etc., otherwise no. Device-as-a-whole level redundancy is always used if better reliability needed | Redundancy relying on large amounts of nodes, each node itself is not redundant; Software has to be programmed in a way to handle tasking reordering and data consistency in case of node failing | Not a priority; nodes aren't redundant and software seldom considers node failing as tasks are usually parallel to make use of peak performance |
Extensibility | Highly customizable and capable as each device is self-contained | Highly customizable and capable but more restrictions | Restricted; All components relying on the central processor, power supply, and system bus; direct communication between peripherals are usually not possible | Extension of scale relies on adding nodes | Extension of scale relies on adding nodes |
Compatibility | Highly concerned; OS is running on top of HAL/LIC so changes of system architecture won't affect OS; OS is designed to be always API/ABI stable | Highly concerned; OS is running on top of HAL/LIC so changes of system architecture won't affect OS; OS is designed to be always API/ABI stable | Concerned but based on system architecture (PC/AT & x86) not changing much over the years; OS are architecture and hardware dependent and aren't always designed to be API/ABI stable | Same as PC; programs have to be reworked if not designed with distributed computing in mind | Least concerned; programs are usually specifically built for specific supercomputer; sometimes supercomputers are even built for a specific task (e.g. Anton series) |
List of Desk-size computers / Supercomputers / Mainframes
Model | Year | MAME support | ROMs | Description / Emulators / Other |
---|---|---|---|---|
A A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | ||||
Analytical Engine by Charles Babbage | 1837 | None | Simulator, Wikipedia | |
Analytical Engine by Percy Ludgate | 1909 | None | Wikipedia | |
Apollo Guidance Computer | 1966 | None | Virtual AGC, Moonjs | |
AT&T 3B Series | 1982 | Preliminary | ||
Atomic Energy Authority Witch | 1948 | None | Old Computers | |
B A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | ||||
BBN Butterfly | ~ 1980s | None | ||
Bell Labs Model V | 1946 | None | ||
Bombe | 1940 | None | Wikipedia | |
Bendix G-15 | 1956 | None | ||
Bull Gamma Tambour | 1955 | None | Gamma EmulaTion | |
Buromaschinenwerke Zella-Mehlis Cellatron 8205 | 1963 | None | Old Computers | |
C A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | ||||
CDC 160 Series | 1960 | None | ||
CDC 1604 | 1960 | None | ||
CDC 3000 Series | 1963 | None | ||
CDC 6000 Series | 1964 | None | ||
CDC 7600 | 1967 | None | ||
CDC Cyber | 1984 | None | ||
CDC Star-100 | 1974 | None | ||
Compumedic Analog Computer | 1971 | None | Old Computers | |
Convex C3800 | 1991 | None | Old Computers | |
Cray Research C90 | 1991 | None | ||
Cray Research Cray-1 | 1975 | None | ||
Cray Research Cray-2 | 1985 | None | ||
Cray Research EL90 | 1993 | None | ||
Cray Research J90 | 1994 | None | ||
Cray Research T3D | 1993 | None | Old Computers | |
Cray Research T90 | 1995 | None | ||
Cray Research X-MP | 1982 | None | cray-sim | |
Cray Research XMS | 1990 | None | ||
Cray Research Y-MP | 1988 (Y-MP) 1992 (Y-MP EL) |
None | cray-sim | |
Csiro Csirac | 1949 | None | CSIRAC Emulator | |
D A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | ||||
Data General Nova | 1969 | None | Novas Are Forever, DasherG | |
Data General Eclipse | 1974 | None | Novas Are Forever, mvemg | |
Datatron 205 | 1954 | None | Retro 205 | |
DEC PDP-1 | 1961 | Good | SIMH, Spacewar! Emulator | |
DEC PDP-8 | 1965 | None | Old Computers | |
DEC PDP-11 | 1970 | Preliminary | SIMH, Javascript Ersatz-11 | |
DEC VAX-11 | 1977 to 1984 | Preliminary (VAX-11/785) | SIMH, Charon-VAX | |
E A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | ||||
EDSAC | 1947 | None | Simulator, Edsac Replica Project | |
Elliot 803 / Elliot 903B | 1961 | None | Peter Onion, hxw's repository, Simulation | |
English Electric Deuce | 1955 | None | ||
Evans & Sutherland ES-1 | 1986 | None | ||
Evans & Sutherland ESIG-2000 | 1991 | None | Developed by Evans & Sutherland, the ESIG-2000 was designed for simulations and high-end 3D Graphics[1] | |
F A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | ||||
Ferranti-Packard 6000 | 1962 | None | ||
Ferranti Atlas | 1962 | None | ||
Ferranti Mark 1 | 1951 | None | ||
Ferranti Pegasus 1 / 2 | 1956 to 1959 | None | PegEm | |
Ferranti Titan | 1964 | None | ||
Fujitsu Facom M series | 1974 | None | OSIV/XSP Enabling Kit for PRIMEQUEST PC-Based Server | |
Fujitsu Facom VP series | 1982 | None | ||
Fujitsu Numerical Wind Tunnel | 1993 | None | ||
Fujitsu VP2000 series | 1990 | None | ||
G A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | ||||
General Electric GE-200 series | 1961 (GE-225) 1963 (GE-215) 1964 (GE-205) 1964 (GE-235) |
None | ||
General Electric GE-600 series | 1963 | None | ||
Goodyear MPP | 1983 | None | ||
GRI Corporation GRI-909 / GRI-99 | 1969 | None | SIMH | |
H A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | ||||
Heathkit EC-1 | 1960 | None | Old Computers | |
Honeywell 116 / 316 / 416 / 516 | 1965 to 1969 | None | SIMH | |
HP-2100 Series | 1966 | Preliminary | SIMH | |
I A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | ||||
IBM 650 | 1954 | None | Wikipedia IBM650 | |
IBM 701 | 1952 | None | Wikipedia IBM 701 Emulator | |
IBM 702 | 1955 | None | Wikipedia | |
IBM 704 | 1954 | None | Wikipedia Sim704 | |
IBM 1401 / 1620 / 1130 / 7090 | 1959 (1401 / 1620 / 7090)
1965 (1130) |
None | IBM 1401 Programming SIMH IBM1401 | |
IBM AN/FSQ-7 | 1958 | None | Old Computers | |
IBM ASCI White | 2000 | None | ||
IBM Harvard Mark I | 1944 | None | Old Computers | |
IBM NORC | 1954 | None | Wikipedia | |
IBM SSEC | 1948 | None | Wikipedia | |
IBM System/3 | 1969 | None | Old Computers SIMH | |
IBM System/36 | 1983 | None | Open/36 - probably lost in history Infinite36 | |
IBM System370 / ESA390 | 1970 | None | Hercules | |
IBM z Systems | 2000 | None | IBM Z Development and Test Environment Hercules | |
IBM AS/400 / System i | 1988 | None | BABY AS/2000 - probably lost in history Infinite i | |
IBM RS/6000 / System p | 1990 | None | ||
ICL 2900 Series | 1974 | None | ||
ICL Series 39 | 1985 | None | ||
Intel ASCI Red | 1997 | None | ||
Intel iPSC Series | 1985 | None | ||
Intel Paragon | 1992 | None | ||
Interdata (Perkin-Elmer) 16 & 32 bits Systems | 1973 | None | SIMH | |
L A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | ||||
Librascope AN/ASN-24 | 1958 | None | ||
Librascope L2010 | 1962 | None | ||
Librascope LGP-21 | 1962 | None | ||
Librascope LGP-30 | 1956 | None | ||
Librascope LGP-4000 | 1960 | None | ||
Lucasfilm EditDroid | 1984 | None | ||
Lund University Smil | 1956 | None | Wikipedia SMILemu | |
M A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | ||||
Manchester Atlas | 1962 | None | Wikipedia | |
Manchester ENIAC | 1945 | None | ||
Manchester Mark I | 1949 | None | ||
Manchester SSEM (Baby) | 1948 | Good | ||
Maspar MP-1 | 1990 | None | ||
Maspar MP-2 | 1992 | None | ||
Meiko Computing Surface | 1986 | None | ||
Meiko CS-2 | 1993 | None | ||
MIT Whirlwind | 1951 | None | Old Computers | |
MMN Bark | 1950 | None | Wikipedia | |
MMN Besk | 1953 | None | Wikipedia | |
N A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | ||||
NBS Seac | 1950 | None | ||
NCR Century 8250 | ~ 1970s | None | ||
nCUBE 2 | 1990 | None | ||
nCUBE/ten | 1985 | None | ||
NEC System 3100 Series | 1990 | None | A-VX01 Operating System for Windows (as compatibility layer) IPSJ Museum | |
NEC Earth Simulator | 2002 | None | ||
NEC SX series | 1985 | None | ||
P A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | ||||
Philips P/330 | 1978 | None | Old Computers | |
PLATO (computer system) | 1960 | None | ||
Q A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | ||||
Royal-Mcbee LGP-30 / LGP-21 | 1956 | None | ||
S A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | ||||
Scientific Data Systems SDS 940 | 1966 | None | SIMH | |
Setun Ternary Computer | 1958 | None | ||
SGI Altix 3000 Series | 2003 | None | ||
SGI Origin 3000 | 2000 | None | ||
Stantec Zebra | 1958 | None | ZEBRA emulator | |
Strela (ЭВМ Стрела) | 1953 | None | ||
SWTPc S-Plus | 1982 | None | ||
T A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | ||||
Thinking Machines CM series | 1987 | None | ||
Triumph Adler TA-1000 | 1973 | None | Old Computers | |
Turing Machine | 1936 | None | Simulator | |
U A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | ||||
Univac Larc | 1960 | None | ||
University of Cambridge Edsac | 1947 | None | Simulator, Edsac Replica Project | |
University of Illinois ILLIAC I | 1952 | None | ||
X A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | ||||
Xerox Sigma 9 | 1971 | None | Living Computers | |
Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | ||||
Zuse Z1 | 1938 | None | Wikipedia | |
Zuse Z2 | 1940 | None | ||
Zuse Z3 | 1941 | None | Wikipedia | |
Zuse Z4 | 1945 | None | Wikipedia |
References
Also See
- Android / iOS - This list dose not include devices that use the iOS or Android, for those, go to their respective pages.
- Laptops / Luggables / Subnotebooks / Workstations / Desktops - Some of these classes of computers have been a standard since the late 60s.
- Miscellaneous Computers