Editing Modding consoles/flashcarts

This page contains a brief overview of console modding and flashcarts. [http://www.gametechwiki.com/w/index.php/Main_Page Game Tech Wiki] may also have useful information.

=Overview=
'''Flashcarts'''- ''Flashcarts'' <sup>(FC)</sup> are specialized cartridges that uses flash memory rather than read-only memory, meaning that it's reprogrammable.  These are only available for cartridge-based systems as newer disc-based systems have <abbr title="Digital Right Managment>DRM</abbr> protections installed to only allow the disc reader to accept certain disc formats (meaning you can't simply burn a game image to a CD and expect it to work).  

'''Modding''' - Modding (sometimes referred as "homebrew-ing" or "hacking") usually exploits some flaw in the system in order to achieve things that were never intended, in most cases to allow to load games from an external device to the system or launch "homebrew" applications.  There are two types of modding:
* ''Softmod'' <sup>(SM)</sup> -  Exploits a flaw found in a game or the systems software.  Softmodding is usually safer and easier to perform in most cases, but there's still always that risk of bricking your console.
* ''Hardmod'' <sup>(HM)</sup> - Exploits a flaw found in the consoles hardware. Requires you to open up your console and perform some modification to the board itself.  May involve some soldering, but isn't always the case.  A popular form of hardmodding is the installation of [[wikipedia:Modchip|modchips]] in order to bypass copy protection on disc-based consoles, or installing SD/USB readers to systems that lack them in order to load homebrew applications.  These are normally more technical and have a higher chance of bricking/damaging your console.

=Issues=
''In regards of modding'' - You are at risk of rendering your console unusable, aka a "brick", when attempting to mod it.  Each system is different in terms of difficulty, so use your own judgement when deciding if you want to mod it or not and to follow each step carefully.  Any form of modding will void your warranty, though this is normally only a problem for newer systems, and may be difficult to resell if there's no way to "un-mod" it.  Generally, it is <b>NOT</b> recommended to use video guides when modding, the reason being is they can become outdated and often don't follow all the steps or uses their own pre-configured "tools" for downloading which may not be the latest version.  If you do decide to use one, make sure to check the date and see if there's also a some kind of written guide to compare it with and follow to make sure it's still accurate.   
 
''In regards of flashcarts'' - Flashcarts can only be purchased online and there are typically no official "reseller" for them, so take caution and avoid scams.  Another thing to avoid is cheap clones which are common for EverDrives. EverDrive firmware contains DRM and will brick clone EverDrives. You should try to buy directly from KRIKzz, or from an official reseller; however between parts shortages and the difficulty of getting anything in or out of an occupied territory you may be forced to buy from a scalper or a local seller on Craigslist etc. as current shipping times from KRIKzz are measured in months. Clone EverDrives will generally require you to use an older firmware with crippled functionality. If the price seems too good to be true, then it's probably a fake. If you're buying from eBay or a local seller, look at the item photos carefully to make sure you aren't overpaying for a clone. Note that SD2SNES/FXPak is an open source design (KRIKzz is just the largest seller) and "clones" of it aren't worse than buying any other cheap hardware from China.

=Consoles=
==PS1==
[http://ps-io.com/store/psio-cartridge/ PSIO] (~$112) Requires internal modification and an available parallel port.  Requires serial number and linked email account to get firmware updates and the developer has shut down third-party firmware development with legal threats.

[https://stoneagegamer.com/xstation-playstation-ode.html xStation] (~$125) Requires fine-pitch soldering and pin lifting. Supports all models through SCPH-5xxx in theory, but QSBs for PCB revisions other than PU-18 (SCPH-5xxx) and later PU-8s are hard to find.

Disc Swap Method (YouTube it) (can damage optical drive with excessive use)

[https://github.com/brad-lin/FreePSXBoot FreePSXBoot] - Requires a method to write raw data to a memory card, like a hacked PS2, [https://github.com/ShendoXT/memcarduino Memcarduino], PC with a DexDrive or PS3 Memory Card Adapter, or an installer disc you can run using the swap trick. Needs a backup loader it can chainload to be useful.
 
[https://unirom.github.io/ UniROM] Requires parallel port and cheat device or a memory card with FreePSXBoot installed. Doesn't work on NTSC-J consoles without also using the swap trick.

[https://orca.pet/tonyhax/ tonyhax] Requires [https://orca.pet/tonyhax/game-exploit.html an exploitable game] and a method to write data to a memory card, but can also be chainloaded by FreePSXBoot on the same memory card. Doesn't work on NTSC-J consoles.

[https://shop.terraonion.com/en/home/17-Terraonion_MODE_Dreamcast_Saturn_ODE.html MODE] Requires [https://mobiusstriptechnologies.com/product/mode-ps1-install-kit/ adapter kit] and a separate internal mod. Only works with PU18 (SCPH-500x and SCPH-550x) motherboards.

==PS2==
[https://github.com/CTurt/FreeDVDBoot FreeDVDBoot] - A recently discovered exploit that takes advantage of the CD/DVD optical drive.  With it, you're able to launch homebrew and even backups without needing any kind of special hardware or external modification.  Only certain models are exploitable, however this includes all slim consoles. 

[http://web.archive.org/web/20130512233049/http://freemcboot.info/ Free McBoot] Requires any one of the following:
* FreeDVDBoot
* [http://www.mediafire.com/download.php?k1mrjl7814ree4k PS3 Memory Card Adaptor]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20121219080442/http://freemcboot.info/ps2%20ohje/indexe.html Agent Under Fire] [[File:007AgentUnderFireCoverF.png|thumb|230px|Cheapest ModChip(?) Ever]]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20130530182624/http://freemcboot.info/armax2.html AR Max]/[http://web.archive.org/web/20130530073929/http://freemcboot.info/armax.html AR Max EVO]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20130530023041/http://freemcboot.info/codebreaker.html CodeBreaker] Only compatible with fat PS2s and slim PS2s with model number SCPH-700xx.
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20130530182225/http://freemcboot.info/swapmagic.html SwapMagic]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20130529161831/http://freemcboot.info/memor32.html Memor32]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20130529164911/http://freemcboot.info/gameshark2.html PS1 GameShark]/[http://web.archive.org/web/20130529231305/http://freemcboot.info/gameshark.html GameShark]

==PS3==
[[PS3 Modding]] <sup>(HM/SM)</sup>

<strike>3K3y ODDE</strike> <sup>(HM)</sup> (only recommended for unhackable consoles. Soldering required.)

==NES/Famicom==
[https://krikzz.com/our-products/cartridges/everdrive-n8-pro-72pin.html EverDrive N8 PRO] <sup>(FC)</sup> (~$175) The "don't ask questions just consume product" option. Takes microSD cards, supports oversized ROMs (up to 8MB each PRG & CHR), a dedicated coprocessor for running the firmware and mapper sound, an RTC and proper bus conflicts emulation. That last one means it will run pretty much every NES game known to man that isn't a pirate mapper. Massively overpriced and overkill, especially compared to its predecessors.

[https://krikzz.com/our-products/cartridges/n8-pro-fami.html EverDrive N8 PRO Fami] <sup>(FC)</sup> (~$175) The same product as the above, but 60-pin for Famicom and various 60-pin Famiclones.

[https://krikzz.com/our-products/legacy/edn8-72pin.html EverDrive N8] <sup>(FC)</sup> Sometimes appears used or as new old stock on the KRIKzz Amazon store. Compared to the N8 PRO it has longer load times for games, no fancy features like in-game menu and less compatibility in a few edge-case-of-an-edge-case situations. It will still run just about every licensed game under the sun and almost every romhack that doesn't depend on emulator bugs, so don't be afraid to get it if it's available. Also available in 60-pin.

[https://www.retrousb.com/product_info.php?products_id=34 PowerPak] <sup>(FC)</sup> <strike>($135)</strike> Uses CF cards to play games. Supports Game Genie codes. Does not receive any updates anymore, but is still a good option if you need to use Compact Flash cards instead of SD cards, or if you're not willing to pay the extra $70+ for an Everdrive. Also has a built-in NSF player. Fan-made mappers are available, including ones that support save states, but these are unofficial. Sadly discontinued.

Look at the [http://krikzz.com/pub/support/everdrive-n8/pro-series/mappers.png compatibility chart] to see if the games you want to play are supported.<br/>
Expansion audio is supported by both the EverDrive and the PowerPak, but a [http://www.retrofixes.com/2014/05/open-hidden-sound-channels-in-nes.html modification] to the NES is necessary to support it. The Famicom does not require this modification.

[http://krzysiocart.com/ KrzysioCart] <sup>(FC)</sup> (~60) A cheaper flashcart available in both Famicom and NES form factors. Uses microSD cards, which can save individual battery saves for each game. Supports 82% of the official library and certain unlicensed and/or homebrew games (list [[http://krzysiocart.com/supported_games.txt here]]). The weaker FPGA means some gaps in compatibility (notable non-playable games include ''Punch-Out!!'', ''Castlevania III: Dracula's Curse'', and ''StarTropics''), but it's a good budget option.

==SNES==
[https://krikzz.com/our-products/cartridges/fxpak-pro.html FXPAK PRO] <sup>(FC)</sup> (USD $240+) Has an [[FPGA]] to support most special chips, along with MSU-1 support (exceptions being SPC7110 chips, Sufami Turbo games, and the Hayazashi Nidan Morita Shougi series). Will play large ROMs such as Star Ocean and Tales of Phantasia. Firmware updates can be downloaded [https://sd2snes.de/blog/downloads here].

[https://krikzz.com/our-products/cartridges/spedx5.html Super EverDrive X5] <sup>(FC)</sup> ($60+) No special chip support. A good option if you do not care about special chips.

[https://krikzz.com/our-products/cartridges/super-everdrive-x6.html Super EverDrive X6] <sup>(FC)</sup> ($100+) Has a small FPGA to emulate DSP chips. A relatively inexpensive step up from the X5 if you only want to play Pilotwings or Mario Kart and don't want to pay more than double for the FXPAK/SD2SNES.

SD2SNES Rev. X: A hybrid of the original SD2SNES and SD2SNES Pro designs, this is the predominant lazy clone <abbr title="english must be your 2nd language, "chink shit" doesn't make grammartical sense"> </abbr> flashcart that you'll find on Aliexpress, eBay, and random "retro" stores. Same great compatibility as "genuine" (ie. built to the open-source specs by Ikari or KRIKzz) flashcarts, but may have random minor issues from earlier hardware revisions like bad MSU-1 volume balance, and don't expect any updates or help if something goes wrong.

==NeoGeo AES==
[https://terraonion.com/en/producto/neosd-aes/ NeoSD AES] <sup>(FC)</sup> ($367+) The very first Neo Geo AES flash cartridge with an outrageous price tag to match. The ebay prices for in-demand Neo-Geo games make it look downright affordable though, so it's worth considering if you already have an AES and want to play more than one game on it.

==N64==
[http://64drive.retroactive.be/ 64Drive] <sup>(FC)</sup> ($199 including CIC chip) Supports ROMs up to 256MB (2Gb) in size, includes RTC, possible future 64DD support with no need for ROM conversions. Much better option for developers than the EverDrive (when it's in stock) due to USB and WiFi support, along with a debugging button on the back. Also supports the separate UltraSave, which can dump/write saves from real carts to the 64Drive. 100% compatibility with all released games.

<strike>[http://krikzz.com/store/home/30-everdrive-64-v25.html EverDrive 64 v2.5] <sup>(FC)</sup> ($106 including CIC chip)</strike> 

<strike>[http://krikzz.com/store/home/28-everdrive-64-v3.html EverDrive 64 v3.0] <sup>(FC)</sup> ($174 including CIC chip)</strike> 

[https://krikzz.com/our-products/cartridges/ed64x5.html EverDrive 64 X5] <sup>(FC)</sup> ($120+ including CIC chip) Supports ROMs up to 64MB (512Mb) in size, no RTC, 99.9% compatibility (no Animal Forest due to lack of RTC). Must reset before powering off to save. Also includes support for 64DD cart conversions.

[https://krikzz.com/our-products/cartridges/ed64x7.html EverDrive 64 X7] <sup>(FC)</sup> ($200+ including CIC chip) Supports ROMs up to 64MB (512Mb) in size, includes RTC, 100% compatibility with all released games without special hardware (no memory card emulation for Mario no Photopie) and no need to reset before powering off to save.

With all three options, the UltraCIC II/III supports multiple CIC types. This is useful for Rareware games such as Banjo Tooie and Donkey Kong 64, removing the need for hacks.

ED64+/Super64: These are clones of the Everdrive 64 v1 or v2 cart. Earlier revisions of the ED64+ don't have UltraCIC and piggyback on a retail cart to boot, but revisions currently for sale include an UltraCIC III. [https://github.com/ariahiro64/altra64 Altra64] is an open-source Everdrive firmware replacement that doesn't brick clone carts.

==GameCube==
[http://128bit.me/index.php?topic=26113.0 POT Tweak] <sup>(HM)</sup> is needed to run burned DVDs in combination with another mod. Ritek G04 mini DVDs are recommended for this purpose, as other brands can wear out the laser. Note that mini DVDs aren't made anymore and all remaining stock is in the hands of scalpers. The GameCube can read full-size DVDs if the top lid is removed/modified/replaced, but this reduces the life of the spindle motor due to the increased weight.

[http://www.gc-linux.org/wiki/SDload SDload] <sup>(HM)</sup> (Requires Action Replay, no soldering required)

[https://flippydrive.com/ FlippyDrive] <sup>(HM)</sup> (~$50) Upcoming GameCube ODE that doesn't replace the optical drive (but can if your existing drive is busted) and has experimental support for loading games over Wi-Fi. Patches the IPL to use as a snazzy loader menu instead of piggybacking on Swiss by default.

[https://gc-loader.com/product/gc-loader-pnp/ GCLoader] <sup>(HM)</sup> (~$80) The only GameCube ODE. Compatible with Swiss and with GCVideo mods.

[http://www.gc-forever.com/forums/viewforum.php?f=39 Numerous game exploits] <sup>(SM)</sup>  Most need a softmodded Wii or another homebrew capable GameCube to write the exploited save to an SD card. Homebrew and games are generally launched from a memory card to SD adapter in slot B or Serial Port 2, sometimes called an SD Gecko or SD2SP2. The SD Gecko does not have access to DMA like the DVD drive has, so many games will lag/freeze, especially when using streaming audio or during FMVs; the SD2SP2 is slightly more compatible. This can be bypassed by burning DVDs (lol) or by getting an ODE, such as a GCLoader or an (out-of-print) WASP Fusion with an adapter board.

[http://www.gc-forever.com/wiki/index.php?title=XenoGC XenoGC] <sup>(HM)</sup> (Quick Solder Board, ~$10) Simple drivechip, requires a burned Swiss disc to be useful unless you have genuine out-of-region games to play.

[https://github.com/webhdx/PicoBoot PicoBoot] <sup>(HM)</sup> ($5) Simple "IPL replacement" mod built on a Raspberry Pi Pico instead of a custom chip. Unlike Xeno it can boot directly to Swiss (or any other homebrew you want) from an SD2SP2 without a burned DVD.

[https://github.com/KunaiGC/KunaiGC KunaiGC] <sup>(HM)</sup> (~$40) A new IPL replacement mod. Easier to install than PicoBoot (QSB instead of soldering directly to the IPL chip and stuffing the RPi Pico behind the controller ports) with integrated Swiss and the potential to load homebrew onto its internal flash from Swiss in the future.

[http://www.gc-forever.com/forums/viewtopic.php?f=25&t=1375 Swiss] is a homebrew utility that can launch burned games, homebrew and games from an SD Gecko (supporting SDHC) or ODE, and can force options per game. Highly recommended and essentially mandatory for most exploits.

==Wii==
The Wii is probably one of the safest and easiest consoles to mod (provided you follow everything correctly). Currently, the two best guides to use are:
*[https://wii.hacks.guide/ wii.hacks.guide] - Made by the same people behind the other [https://hacks.guide/ hacks.guide] tutorials. Slightly a work-in-progress.
*[https://wii.guide/ wii.guide] - Maintained by RiiConnect24.

Besides being able to run various homebrew applications, one of the main advantages of modding is being able to run backup loaders such as:
*[https://github.com/wiidev/usbloadergx USB Loader GX] - Useful for running Wii games off an external hard drive (some flash drives will work, but not all are compatible). It can also rip disc images to an HDD as well. 
*[https://github.com/Fledge68/WiiFlow_Lite WiiFlow] - An alternative to USB Loader GX which can run games off of the SD card, and is updated more frequently. Can also run GameCube games if Nintendont is installed.
*[https://github.com/FIX94/Nintendont Nintendont] - Used to play GameCube games off a USB and even allows for official hardware to be used (provided your Wii has these ports) such as memory cards, GCN Microphone, GBA-link cable, etc.

===Wii Mini===
*[https://wii.hacks.guide/bluebomb BlueBomb] <sup>(SM)</sup>: An exploit that takes advantage of a flaw in the Wii and Wii mini's Bluetooth libraries. The payload has to be delivered by a Bluetooth-enabled computer that's running Linux, either installed directly or live-booted from a flash drive.<br />This is the only exploit that works for the Wii mini, and on the original Wii it can enable recovery from certain bricks, such as a banner brick. Outside of said brick recovery usefulness, however, using BlueBomb on the original Wii is generally not recommended as there are better and simpler exploits available that don't require uninterrupted radio transmissions from a specific host OS.

==Wii U==
[https://wiiu.hacks.guide/ wiiu.hacks.guide] <sup>(SM)</sup> - The Wii U is easily hackable even on the latest firmware. Through the use of injectors, you can install Wii and Gamecube games directly to your Wii U home menu as well. Follow [https://gbatemp.net/threads/release-wiivc-injector-script-gc-wii-homebrew-support.483577/ this thread] for details on injection. ([https://gbatemp.net/threads/release-uwuvci-injectiine.486781/ alternative injector that can also inject retro games])  

Backup loaders:
*[https://www.wiiubrew.org/wiki/WUP_Installer_GX2 WUP Installer GX2] - Installs backups to the Wii U Menu (basically as if they were installed via the eShop). 
*[https://gbatemp.net/threads/loadiine-gx2.413823/ Loadiine] - A backup loader for Wii U firmware 3.0.0 - 5.5.1, and is the only way to load games from SD. As it loads games via the Mii Maker app, which doesn't use online features, it cannot play online at the moment. It only supports DLC if you bought the DLC first. It doesn't support Wii VC injection (i.e. Xenoblade and friends for Gamepad controls).

===vWii===
The Wii U also has a virtual [http://wiiubrew.org/wiki/WiiMode Wii Mode] (vWii) for backward compatibility which, you guessed it, is also hackable using similar exploits found in the original Wii. This means that most Wii homebrew, including the apps mentioned in the [[#Wii|Wii section]], will also function on vWii as well.

[https://wiiu.hacks.guide/#/vwii-modding vWii Modding Guide] <sup>(SM)</sup> - Requires CFW to be installed on your Wii U first as the process isn't the same as hacking the OG Wii. It should be noted that the vWii is a bit more delicate than the OG Wii, so it's a bit easier to "brick" the vWii if you don't know what you're messing with. For example, installing any IOS (including TED IOSes) or WADS made for the original Wii on your vWii <b>will brick it</b>.

==Switch== <!--This could be better written as I don't have any experience hacking the Switch-->
An exploit was found early in the Switch's launch which not only made it vulnerable but [https://www.ktemkin.com/faq-fusee-gelee/ multiple NVIDIA Tegra devices] also.  Since then Nintendo has released patched versions of the Switch which are currently "unhackable" at the moment.  You can find out if it's been patched by [https://gbatemp.net/threads/switch-informations-by-serial-number-read-the-first-post-before-asking-questions.481215/ the serial number].  Be warned that Nintendo is especially obnoxious about hunting down softmodders on the Switch. Assume you <b>will</b> be console banned if you use CFW, especially if you pirate.

[https://web.archive.org/web/20200308221331/https://sx.xecuter.com/#prod-sxpro SX Pro by Team Xecuter] <sup>(HM)</sup> (~$60) - A dongle that launches its own custom firmware and attaches to the charging port of the Switch.  Useful for launching backups and homebrew applications. Ironically the product itself contains an anti-piracy measure that "bricks" the system if you try to reverse-engineer the dongle <ref name="SX OS DRM">https://torrentfreak.com/team-xecutor-piracy-code-has-drm-can-brick-your-nintendo-switch-180628/</ref>. That and the fact that it contains stolen code from other open-sourced projects have left Team Xecuter with a bad image in the homebrew community.  Even better is the fact that two of the people leading Team Xecuter were [https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/two-members-notorious-videogame-piracy-group-team-xecuter-custody arrested by the U.S. Federal Government], so it may become harder to order their stuff online.

[http://web.archive.org/web/20201028024756/https://team-xecuter.com/sx-core-sx-lite-review-and-test-samples-are-underway/ Xecuter SX Core/Lite] <sup>(HM)</sup> ($?) - A modchip that solders onto the SoC of the Nintendo Switch, which works on Switch units that have been patched from software (RCM) exploits, including Switch Lite. Discontinued after Team Xecuter got busted.

[https://wololo.net/2022/02/17/how-to-hack-your-nintendo-switch-2022-edition-hwfly-and-sx-clones-rcm-oled-unpatched-vs-patched-trying-to-clear-it-up-for-you/ Hwfly] <sup>(HM)</sup> (~$100+) - The clone of the Xecuter SX Core/Lite chip. This chip even supports the Nintendo Switch OLED model, but could only launch Atmosphère rather than Xecuter SXOS, and the quality control is a bit problematic.

[https://wololo.net/2023/03/21/picofly-the-3-nintendo-switch-hacking-modchip-is-real-and-its-now-available/ PicoFly] <sup>(HM)</sup> (~$3) - A DIY modchip project based on Raspberry Pi RP2040 microcontroller.

[https://www.xkit.xyz/rcmloader/ RCMloader ONE] <sup>(HM)</sup> (~$20) - It's a dongle similar to the SX Pro, it can load three different payloads: Atmosphere, ReiNX, and SXOS.  It will only work if your Switch hasn't been patched (aka purchased before June 2018).  

[https://github.com/Atmosphere-NX/Atmosphere Atmosphère] <sup>(HM/SM)</sup> - CFW for the Switch.  Currently supports firmware up to 17.0.0, while the support for firmware 18.0.0 has been implemented but not fully completed.  [https://switch.homebrew.guide/index This guide] appears to be the easiest to follow to install CFW.

[https://github.com/Reisyukaku/ReiNX ReiNX] <sup>(HM/SM)</sup> - Another CFW for the Switch.  Again, similar install situation as mentioned before (unpatched, low firmware, etc.).  This one appears to be developing an easier way of loading backups. No longer maintained.

[https://migswitch.com/ Mig Switch] <sup>(FC)</sup> ($64.04) - First ever flashcart for Switch. Requires game dumps with certifications and cartridge ID, which public cartridge dumps don't have. Has no menu system and switches games by ejecting and then inserting back. Unable to run homebrews. 

Switch hacking is still being worked on, so be sure to stay up-to-date on any new information.

==SG-1000==
[https://github.com/aotta/SD-1000 SD-1000] <sup>(FC)</sup> (DIY) Can also be used on SC-3000, Sega Mark III and Japanese / Korean Master System, requires a bootleg Raspberry Pi Pico board to be used.

==Master System==
[http://krikzz.com/store/home/36-master-ed.html Master EverDrive] <sup>(FC)</sup> ($77) Can also play SG-1000 games.

==Megadrive/Genesis==
[http://krikzz.com/store/home/33-mega-everdrive-v2.html Mega EverDrive X7] <sup>(FC)</sup>  ($166) The premium option complete with an FPGA, save state support, supports up to 15MB (120Mb) ROMs, Sega CD memory card functionality, saves without reset, and has near instant load times, includes a pause button for Master System games, along with some other possibly useful features.

[http://krikzz.com/store/home/34-everdrive-md-v3.html Mega EverDrive X5] <sup>(FC)</sup>  ($89) Supports Sega CD memory card functionality, supports up to 7MB (56Mb) ROMs, has near-instant load times, saves without resetting, and includes a pause button for Master System games.

[http://krikzz.com/store/home/45-mega-everdrive-v2.html Mega EverDrive X3] <sup>(FC)</sup>  ($45) A no-frills flash cart for those on a budget. Has near-instant load times, supports up to 7MB (56Mb) ROMs, and must reset the console to save games before powering off. Uses the exact same PCB as the Mega EverDrive X5, so it may be possible to mod it to be an X5 if you are skilled at soldering and can find out what the necessary parts are.

[https://shop.terraonion.com/shop/product/megasd/view MegaSD] <sup>(FC)</sup> ($244.10) A flash cart with built-in FPGA to simulate both the Sega/Mega CD addon and the SVP for Virtua Racing. The price tag is really something to consider though.

All 4 carts can play Master System games.

==Saturn==
<strike>Rhea <sup>(HM)</sup>  From the creator of the GDEmu. Works with 20-pin Saturn models.</strike>

<strike>Phoebe <sup>(HM)</sup> From the creator of the GDEmu. Works with 21-pin Saturn models.</strike>

[https://satiator.net/ Satiator] <sup>(HM)</sup> ($259) Works on any Saturn without invasive mods, doesn't replace the optical drive and has high compatibility. The main downside (apart from the price) is that it plugs in via the MPEG-1 decoder card slot and doesn't replicate an actual decoder card, so you won't be able to watch [[wikipedia:Video CD|VCD]]s or play the handful of Saturn games that rely on MPEG-1 FMVs.

[https://www.ebay.com/sch/i.html?_nkw=saroo&_sacat=0 SAROO] <sup>(FC)</sup> ($50-150) A Chinese-made (as in designed by a Chinese hobbyist) flashcart that enables playing backups from the cartridge slot. Emulates expansion RAM carts and supports virtual saves, bypassing the Saturn's internal save RAM. Actually a decade old, but only mass-produced by the big PCB shops in 2023. It's hard to beat the price but all the documentation is in Chinese and [https://github.com/williamdsw/saroo-compatibility-list compatibility is dependent on read timing hacks], as it emulates the entire CDB interface in an FPGA. Cost and quality vary wildly as some of the chips used are EOL and sellers on Aliexpress and eBay will use chips from scrappers without testing if they actually work. Some sellers are now offering "Elite" builds of the SAROO board made with all NOS chips at a higher price.

[https://shop.fenrir-ode.fr/ Fenrir ODE] <sup>(HM)</sup> (~$120+) Available for both 20-pin and 21-pin Saturn models.

[https://terraonion.com/en/producto/terraonion-mode/ MODE] <sup>(HM)</sup> ($200) Works with both 20-pin and 21-pin Saturn models as well as the Dreamcast, supports SATA, microSD and USB. An optional wire harness adds an IGR button, support for automatic 50Hz/60Hz mode switching and disc swapping.

[https://ppcenter.webou.net/pskai/ Pseudo Saturn Kai] <sup>(SM)</sup> Custom firmware for Action Replay and clones that enables booting from CD-Rs, while still acting as a cheat cartridge. Also works as a loader menu on ODEs when installed to an SD card.

==Dreamcast==
All PAL models, 3020 models, and Dreamcasts that came in a white and orange box can play burnt CDs without modding. Some 3030 models can, but not all, and Dreamcast that came in a black and blue box can't.

<strike>[http://dc-sd.com/ DC-SD] ($18) Cheap, but compatibility is not great. Also requires the use of a loader.</strike> (Dead link)

<strike>GDEMU <sup>(HM)</sup> (~$122) Also uses SD cards. Emulates the disk drive itself, so compatibility is great. Will only work with certain model Dreamcasts, so be sure to check which one you have before ordering. The creator makes them in batches and you have to pay attention to get on the pre-order.</strike>

[http://3do-renovation.ru/USB-GDROM_Controller.htm USB-GDROM] <sup>(HM)</sup> (~$175-230) Uses any USB 2 media to load images from. Region Free, compatible with GDI, ISO, and CDI images. Works with all VA0 & VA1 models.

[https://terraonion.com/en/producto/terraonion-mode/ MODE] <sup>(HM)</sup> ($200) Works with VA0 and VA1 models, uses SATA, microSD and USB. Compatible with CDI, GDI, CCD, MDF, and bin/cue images.

==PC Engine/Turbografx 16==
[http://krikzz.com/store/home/35-turbo-everdrive-v24.html Turbo EverDrive V2] <sup>(FC)</sup> ($90)

[https://krikzz.com/our-products/cartridges/turbo-everdrive-pro.html Turbo EverDrive PRO] <sup>(FC)</sup> ($200) Emulates the CD-ROM<sup>2</sup>, Ten no Koe 2, and Arcade Card expansions; CD games won't work if there's already something attached to the bus, like a real CD-ROM<sup>2</sup>/TnK or the CD-ROM drive of a TurboDuo. Also supports cheats and savestates with in-game menu.

[https://shop.terraonion.com/shop/product/super-sd-system-3/view Super SD System 3] <sup>(FC)</sup> (~$200) Drop-in replacement for the CD-ROM<sup>2</sup> family of expansions with support for HuCard images as well as bin/cue. Includes a Mega Drive 2 compatible multi-out connector with RGB, composite and stereo sound available.

[https://shop.terraonion.com/shop/product/super-hd-system3-pro/view Super HD System 3 PRO] <sup>(FC)</sup> (~$250) Upgraded Super SD System 3 with a built-in HDMI scaler, SuperGrafx emulation, an upgraded analog circuit, and support for third-party FPGA-based emulators.

==3DO==
[http://3do-renovation.ru/How_to_buy.htm USB for 3DO] <sup>(HM)</sup> (~$165-295) Uses any USB 2 media to load images from. Various boards for the various 3DO models.

==Xbox==
[http://www.xbmchub.com/forums/xbox-media-center/269-%5Bvideo-guide%5D-1-softmod-xbox-part-1-a.html Game Exploit] <sup>(SM)</sup> (Requires MechAssault black label, Splinter Cell or 007 Agent Under Fire)

[https://consolemods.org/wiki/Xbox:ENDGAME ENDGAME] <sup>(SM)</sup>

[https://consolemods.org/wiki/Xbox:Modchips Modchips] <sup>(HM)</sup>

[https://consolemods.org/wiki/Xbox:TSOP_Flashing TSOP Flash] <sup>(HM)</sup> (Requires soldering and a softmodded console)

==Xbox 360==
[https://www.se7ensins.com/forums/threads/rgh-3-0-guide-phat-slim-includes-quick-tool.1832979 RGH 3.0 (Slim and Phat)] (Requires soldering and a NAND programmer)

[https://consolemods.org/wiki/Xbox_360:Drive_Flashing DVD Flashing] <sup>(HM)</sup> (Requires a dedicated drive flasher tool and PC with compatible SATA controller)

[https://consolemods.org/wiki/Xbox_360:RGH Reset Glitch Hack] <sup>(HM)</sup> (Requires soldering, a NAND programmer and a compatible glitch chip)

==NES/SNES/PSX/MD (GEN) Classic==
[https://modmyclassic.com/ ModMyClassic] <sup>(HM/SM)</sup>: a group dedicated to modding "Classics/Minis" of popular consoles.  So far they only support the NES/SNES Classic, the Playstation Classic, and the Sega Mega Drive/Genesis Mini, but seems to be planning on expanding to other systems like the C64 Mini and the NeoGeo Mini at some point.

=Handhelds=
==PSP==
[http://wololo.net/cfw4dummies/ CFW4Dummies] 

Don't use PRO-C2 listed there, use a version found [https://wololo.net/talk/viewtopic.php?f=17&t=41249 here] instead. The version of PRO-C2 listed on CFW4Dummies is outdated and has a bug that breaks PSN PS1 EBOOTs.

Alternatively, you could try [http://wololo.net/talk/viewtopic.php?f=17&t=38203 LME] instead.

==PS Vita==
[https://henkaku.xyz/ Henkaku] <sup>(SM)</sup> is the only homebrew enabler for the Vita and [https://github.com/TheOfficialFloW/Adrenaline/releases/latest Adrenaline] is the ePSP CFW which allows to you run PSP games and homebrew. 
As always, [http://wololo.net wololo] is the place for anything new in the PSP/Vita scene.

There are multiple ways to install henkaku depending  or your firmware version:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" |Versions
! scope="col" |Hack
! scope="col" |Success rate
! scope="col" |Requirements
! scope="col" |Notes
|-
| 1.03 - 3.57
| {{✗}}
| 
| 
| Update to 3.60/3.65
|-
| 3.60
| [https://henkaku.xyz/ henkaku.xyz]
| ~90%
| Internet connection.
|
*Henkaku requires re-installation via the henkaku website.
*[https://github.com/henkaku/offline-installer/releases offline installer] can be used to run henkaku from the mail app.
*Enso can be installed to have a permanent henkaku installation.
|-
| 3.61 - 3.63
| {{✗}}
| 
| 
| Update to 3.65
|-
| 3.65 - 3.68
| [https://github.com/soarqin/finalhe/releases h-encore]
| ~90%
| PSN Account, Computer
|
*'''Optional:''' Downgrade to 3.60/3.65 using [https://github.com/SKGleba/modoru modoru] 2.1
*'''3.65:''' Enso can be installed to have a permanent henkaku installation.
|-
| 3.69 - 3.70
| [https://github.com/TheOfficialFloW/Trinity Trinity]
| ~70%
| PSN Account, Computer
|
*'''Attention:''' Not available for PCH-2009 (mainland China) units as these units are unable to download PSP game from store.
*'''Recommanded:''' Downgrade to 3.60/3.65 using [https://github.com/SKGleba/modoru modoru] 2.1
|-
| 3.69 - 3.74
| [https://github.com/soarqin/finalhe/releases h-encore²]
| ~25%
| PSN Account, Computer
|
*h-encore² isn't stable.
*Homebrew/Plugin support on 3.69+ isn't good.
*'''Recommanded:''' Downgrade to 3.60/3.65 using [https://github.com/SKGleba/modoru modoru] 2.3
|}

==Game Boy (Color)==
<strike>El Cheapo SD</strike> <sup>(FC)</sup> ($52) Supports mappers MBC1, MBC2, MBC3, and MBC5, no RTC until version 2.0 is released, accepts microSD cards, supports games up to 4MB (32Mb), has 128KB (1Mb) SRAM (big enough for LSDj). Saving must be done manually in the menu before loading a new ROM (both saving to SD and loading from SD). There are other cheaper versions with lesser ROM sizes available (for example, if you don't care about Game Boy Color enhanced/exclusive games).

[https://bennvenn.myshopify.com/products/mbc3000-rtc-gbc-cart-v5 MBC3000 RTC] <sup>(FC)</sup> ($52) Supports MBC3 with an alternate MBC3/MBC5 version available while supplies last. Supports RTC and can interface correctly with Pokemon Stadium when flashed with Gold/Silver/Crystal. Requires a [https://bennvenn.myshopify.com/products/usb-gb-c-cart-dumper-the-joey-jr Joey Jr.] to upload a game to its internal flash and has no means of selecting multiple ROMs other than a DIP switch on the MBC3/MBC5 version.

[http://store.kitsch-bent.com/product/usb-64m-smart-card USB 64m smart card] <sup>(FC)</sup> ($42) No RTC, only one .sav stored at a time (alpha hack available, but deletes saves on occasion), issues when having GBC and GB games in the same bank, and not the easiest to use. Only uses an MBC5 mapper, and tries to fake other mappers. There are game-specific hacks to fix any issues caused by this. [http://thegaminguniverse.org/ninjagaiden4/mottzilla/ Multisave menu, hacks] Supports ROMs up to 4MB (32Mb). Two ROMs at a time are supported when not using a menu. IMPORTANT NOTE: This flash cart uses 3.3v flash chips directly wired to the 5v Game Boy bus. This could shorten the life of the cart and/or the Game Boy.

<strike>[http://krikzz.com/store/home/8-everdrive-gb.html EverDrive GB] <sup>(FC)</sup> ($88)</strike> No RTC, supports the use of MicroSD cards, mappers MBC1, MBC2, MBC3, MBC5, Game Genie cheats, individual ROM sizes up to 8MB (64Mb), and saves for each game. Requires returning to the menu (with a reset button on the cart) to record saves.

[https://krikzz.com/our-products/cartridges/everdrive-gb-x5.html EverDrive GB X5] <sup>(FC)</sup> ($60+) Same as the original EverDrive GB but doesn't require resetting to save.

[https://krikzz.com/our-products/cartridges/edgbx7.html EverDrive GB X7] <sup>(FC)</sup> ($140+) Supports RTC and an in-game menu with savesate support.

[https://www.ezflash.cn/product/ezflash-junior/ EZFlash Junior] <sup>(FC)</sup> ($60) Supports RTC, MicroSD cards,  mappers MBC1/2/3/5/1M/30, individual ROM sizes up to 8MB (64Mb), and saves for each game. Saves are only temporarily stored in the SRAM, then moved to the SD card on startup, so dying of RTC battery won't affect saves.

Repurposing bootleg carts: Any Pokémon game on 
eBay that isn't hundreds of dollars (and some that do cost hundreds of dollars) is actually a cheap flash chip and a CPLD to simulate the mapper wired to a bootleg PCB. These bootleg carts can be bought blank on aliexpress for peanuts and many can be reflashed with a dumper/flasher device like [https://bennvenn.myshopify.com/products/usb-gb-c-cart-dumper-the-joey-jr Joey Jr.] These bootlegs almost certainly use 3.3V chips wired to the 5V cart bus. This could shorten the life of the cartridge and/or the Game Boy.

==Pokémon mini==
[http://dittomini.com/ DITTO mini] <sup>(FC)</sup> ($90–$145) works with a bundled USB flasher. The cheapest version is a bare PCB with no case; you are supposed to unscrew an official cartridge to use its shell. It has 2 MB of capacity, but it can only handle one ROM at a time. It is able to hold saves for games that have this feature, but it can’t send the savegame back to the computer. The flasher only works with Windows. Multi-game, save backup and macOS support are planned to the future.

PokeCard512 <sup>(FC)</sup> <strike>(90€)</strike> was the first publicly available Pokémon mini flashcart. It was handmade on demand by an enthusiast. The flashcart had 512 kB of capacity and was able to handle multiple ROMs. It worked with a bundled USB flasher, which was made of gutted Pokémon mini cartridge connectors in the earliest revisions.

==Game Boy Advance==
[https://krikzz.com/store/home/42-everdrive-gba-x5.html EverDrive GBA x5] <sup>(FC)</sup> (~$100) has a Real-Time Clock and supports any standard GBA ROM file (no patching required).  Recently received an updated model called the "EverDrive GBA X5 Mini" that has the same form-factor as a standard GBA cartridge (the older model would stick out of the system and look clunky, especially on the DS Lite).

[https://www.ezflash.cn/dealers/ EZ-Flash Omega] <sup>(FC)</sup> ($40-50) has a Real-Time Clock and supports any standard GBA ROM file (no patching required).  Users report that you must wait 3-5 seconds after saving in-game before turning the console off to avoid corrupting the save data, this is because of how the cart saves to the SD card.

[https://www.ezflash.cn/dealers/ EZ-Flash Omega Definitive Edition] <sup>(FC)</sup> ($80-100) premium version of the EZ-Flash Omega with better battery life and some niche features including rumble and compatibility with Slot-2 linking in DS games. Fixes the regular version's save issue. Doesn't come with a smaller DS Lite sized case as it has a bigger PCB.

==Nintendo DS==
[https://imgur.com/K5zrSyD Ace3DS Plus clone] <sup>(FC)</sup> (~$5-10): Generally the best Nintendo DS flashcart at the moment, these very common on AliExpress and eBay. Their compatibility isn't perfect, but they run a version of Wood and work on unmodded DSi and 3DS consoles. Be warned that there is a [https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/286686210225864725/921177429073092688/s-l225.png timebomb clone] that looks very similar. Use the [https://flashcard-archive.ds-homebrew.com/Ace3DS+_R4iLS/Ace3DS+_R4iLS_Wood_R4_1.62.7z Ace3DS Plus kernel]. Supports the DSi's latest firmware and MicroSDHC.

[https://imgur.com/a/3oL1LwK DSONE SDHC clone] <sup>(FC)</sup> (~$5-10): Also very common on AliExpress and eBay at the moment, these cards have very good compatibility using Supercard's [https://flashcard-archive.ds-homebrew.com/SuperCard/DSONE_SDHC_DSONEi/SuperCard_DSONE_SDHC_EOS_sp6_20121206.zip EOS kernel], however they do not work on unmodded DSi or 3DS consoles. They also have an extremely high dead-on-arrival rate so it's recommended to purchase 2 or 3 cards to ensure you get a working one. Supports MicroSDHC.

[http://nds-card.com/ProShow.asp?ProID=135 DSTWO+ Flashcard] <sup>(FC)</sup> (no longer sold): Only Nintendo DS flash cart that has decent to good Super Nintendo emulation depending on the game due to the DSTWO+ having its own processor, but also drains your battery when using them. Used to be the only Nintendo DS flashcard with GBA emulation, however now all cards can use [[GBARunner2]]. Works on the DSi's latest firmware and supports MicroSDHC. 

[https://nds-card.com/ProShow.asp?ProID=575 R4i Gold 3DS Plus (r4ids.cn)] <sup>(FC)</sup> (no longer sold): One of the various R4 clones, but unlike the majority of them, these weren't that bad. No longer recommended due to the last batch being defective and unable to run DS games and now being out of production. Make sure the URL displayed on the flashcart is http://r4ids.cn/ or http://r4idsn.cn/ or else you'll be getting a timebomb clone. Supports DSi's latest firmware and support MicroSDHC.

R4 <sup>(FC)</sup>: If you don't have a Nintendo DSi and are okay with the 2GB MicroSD limit the original R4 can be alright, although you're most likely going to get a clone because the original R4 team disbanded shortly after the R4's release. The clone cards (although not the greatest) get the job done, just be sure to get an R4 flashcart and not an R4 SDHC, R4 dual core, etc. Usually found for around $5-$7, does not support DSi or MicroSDHC. The R4s usually come with Wood Firmware but if they do not be sure to install it for a much better-recommended experience. Has recently gotten a new lease on life thanks to Boot9Strap (see below) making it possible to use ancient flashcards like the R4 on the 3DS.

If using an older or clone flashcart, it is still possible to get firmware updates, albeit third-party, to work with newer games. To see the (very) expansive list of supported carts plus download links, go here: [https://gbatemp.net/threads/retrogamefan-updates-releases.267243/ RetroGameFan firmware]

===Nintendo DSi===
Most DS flashcards work on an unmodded DSi and all work on a softmodded DSi with Unlaunch installed. Softmodding is generally easier and free, however flashcards have slightly higher compatibility with DS games.

[https://dsi.cfw.guide/ TWiLight Menu++] <sup>(SM)</sup>: The easiest way to homebrew your DSi is by using an exploit called [https://gbatemp.net/threads/memory-pit-a-new-dsi-exploit-for-dsi-camera.539432/ Memory Pit] which takes advantage of a flaw in how the DSi Camera handles data. All you need is an SD card. Once modded, you can play NDS ROMs or DSiWare off your SD card and also includes various console emulators that work to some degree.

[https://wiki.ds-homebrew.com/hiyacfw/ hiyaCFW] <sup>(SM)</sup>: Custom firmware that allows running the DSi Menu from SD card, called ''SDNAND'', which allows for safely installing homebrew and DSiWare. Formerly required for TWiLight Menu++, however no longer recommended for general users as TWiLight Menu++ has more functionality and is easier to use.

==3DS==
<abbr title ="Custom Firmware">'''CFW'''</abbr> <sup>(SM)</sup> ($0): Boot9Strap (formerly known as Sighax) gives full control over the 3DS, and CFWs such as Luma3DS run on top of it. This is the best method if it is available, as it is free. See [https://3ds.guide Plailect's guide] for up to date information on the required firmware and the methods used to install Boot9Strap. There have been reports of people using CFW being banned, so take proper precautions and try avoiding online functionality.

<strike>[https://gbatemp.net/threads/release-arc13s-freeshop-fork-open-source-eshop-alternative.468436/ freeShop] is homebrew used in combination with the above hack to download games directly from Nintendo's server, so long as you have the necessary titlekeys.</strike><br>
As of system update 11.8.0, changes were made on how download request were dealt with to the server.  Normally, freeShop (or any program like it) simply sends a HTTP request to the server and the server responds by sending the content.  The program then makes a spoof ticket to trick the 3DS into thinking it's a legitimate download and proceeds to download the request.  The system update made it so the 3DS now has to send an encrypted version of this ticket back to the server which then checks it before being allowed to download, rendering freeShop unusable as the server will quickly know the ticket is not legit.

[http://nds-card.com/ProShow.asp?ProID=135 '''DSTwo+ Flashcard'''] <sup>(FC)</sup> ($53.99): NDS flashcard, only have access to 'NDS-mode'. Note: You may need to update some flashcards with an NDS before you can use them on a 3DS. You should under no circumstances use the 3DS functionality of this card, or you will risk bricking your 3DS. Install Boot9Strap/CFW instead (see above)

If you have an NDS flashcard that was patched out by a previous 3DS/DSi update or never worked on 3DS/DSi, the latest version of Luma3DS will allow you to use it; follow the "A9LH to B9S" section of Plailtect's guide above to update your CFW. If you don't want to update,  you can try using the [https://gbatemp.net/threads/twl-slot-1-launcher-first-custom-dsiware-app.414501/ TWL Slot-1 Launcher] for cards that were blocked by updates or the [https://gbatemp.net/threads/r4-stage2-twl-flashcart-launcher-and-perhaps-other-cards-soon™.416434/ R4 Stage2 TWL Flashcart Launcher] for NDS/NDSL only cards. Note that both of these require CFW to be enabled already to install these.

[http://www.gateway-3ds.com/resellers/ '''Gateway'''] <sup>(FC)</sup> (~$60): Can be used for Homebrew, backups, and CIA installation, with EmuNAND support to upgrade to the latest 3DS version. Only works on versions 4.1-10.7.0. New 3DS requires either Cubic Ninja or Ocarina of Time 3D to use. CFW is a superior option, and it is free.

[http://www.sky3ds.com/ '''SKY3DS/SKY3DS+'''] <sup>(FC)</sup> (~$75): Works on all firmware (as of 11.4.0), as it emulates a real card. Only useful for backups/piracy, as homebrew will not work, although Ninjhax will work with Cubic Ninja as a ROM. Non-upgradeable. The blue-button version will support unlimited games, whereas the red-button version will only support 10 games forever (even if you switch out microSD cards), although this has been cracked. There is also an orange button version, SKY3DS+, which supports recent anti-piracy in games. Use this one where available, if going this route. Clones are available (QQ3DS which comes with a DS flash cart, r5sdhc). If playing games online, you will need a private header, which can be retrieved from any physical 3DS cart. You will be banned from Nintendo's servers otherwise.

==Game Gear==
[http://krikzz.com/store/home/37-everdrive-gg.html EverDrive GG] <sup>(FC)</sup> ($140)

=Resources=
* [https://www.retrorgb.com/romcarts.html RetroRGB's guide] (ROM / Flash Carts page with links to various custom carts for many consoles)

[[Category:Console Modding]]